Organic Chemistry 1 ACS Questions And Well Elaborated Solutions

Organic Chemistry 1 ACS Questions And Well Elaborated Solutions What makes a reaction oxidized? - ANSWER -If you decrease the number of H atoms or increase the number of O atoms on a Carbon, the carbon is oxidized (electrons are lost) How is high polarity determined? - ANSWER -Identify the largest electro negativity value compared to carbon What does a low pKa value indicate? - ANSWER -strong acid Organometallic - ANSWER -a compound that contains a carbon-metal bond ion-dipole forces - ANSWER -Attractive forces between ions and oppositely charged ends of polar molecules dipole-dipole forces - ANSWER -attractions between oppositely charged regions of polar molecules LDF - ANSWER -Nonpolar molecules, temporary dipoles Hydrogen bonding - ANSWER -the intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is bonded to N, O, or F Dissociation energy order - ANSWER -321 Aufbau Principle - ANSWER -the rule that electrons occupy the orbitals of lowest energy first Pauli Exclusion Principle - ANSWER -An atomic orbital may describe at most two electrons, each with opposite spin direction Hund's Rule - ANSWER -when filling degenerate orbitals, electrons fill them singly first, with parallel spins Hybridization state of a triple bond - ANSWER -Sp Hybridization of a double bond - ANSWER -sp2 Hybridization of a single bond - ANSWER -sp3 Nitrile functional group - ANSWER -RCN Ether functional group - ANSWER -ROR Halide Functional Group - ANSWER -RX where x is a halogen amine functional group - ANSWER -R-NH2 How to determine boiling point - ANSWER -First, identify the type of bonding each molecule can exhibit Look at the amount of accepting sites for each bond. For example, if one molecule has 2 accepting sites, and another has 1, then the molecule with 2 accepting sites has the higher boiling point. Are alkyl chains polar or nonpolar? - ANSWER -Nonpolar. If trying to dissolve in a polar substance, the most dissolvable is the shortest chain. ester functional group - ANSWER -RCOOR Amide functional group - ANSWER -R-C=O-NH2 ketone functional group - ANSWER -RCOR Which forces are the strongest? Dipole-dipole Dispersion forces Hydrogen bonding Cation-anion - ANSWER -Cation anion diethyl ether - ANSWER -CH3CH2OCH2CH3 How to name stereochemistry - ANSWER -1) assign numbers based on highest atomic number ATTACHED TO THE BOND. Highest #1, lowest #4. 2) determine if the numbers are going in a clockwise, or a counterclockwise rotation. If clockwise, assign "R". If counterclockwise, assign "S" 3) Check if a Hydrogen has a solid wedge. If solid wedge is present, reverse stereochemistry. "R"- "S" and "S" - "R" How to draw wedges on a Fischer projection - ANSWER -Any horizontal substituents are wedges, and vertical ends are dashes. Where do the largest groups have to be located in order to have the lowest energy conformer? - ANSWER -Equatorial What causes torsional strain? - ANSWER -When atoms within three sigma bonds of each other are eclipsed. What causes ring strain? - ANSWER -Arises from bond angles that are non ideal (ex: 109.5 degrees for sp3 hybridized carbons) Optical activity - ANSWER -the rotation of plane-polarized light by a chiral molecule. In short, it's a compound that is chiral. If both chiral centers have different elements on them and don't display a symmetrical plane, they display optical activity. If chiral centers display the same configuration (RR) or (SS) they are optically active Covalent bonds - ANSWER -Sharing of electrond between two non metals Ionic bonds - ANSWER -A non metal gains an electron to become an anion and a metal loses an electron to become a cation