Community Health Exam 1
Chapter 1
o Community/Public Health Nursing
Is the synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice.
Has the major goal to preserve the health of the community and surrounding populations.
Focuses on health promotion and health maintenance.
Is associated with health and identification of populations at risk rather than an episodic response to
patient demand.
o Public Health is described as the art and science of
Preventing disease
Prolonging life
Promoting health through organized community efforts to benefit each citizen.
Winslow (1920)
o Health Care Reform
“Costs of caring for the sick account for the majority of escalating health care dollars, which
increased from 5.7% of the gross domestic product in 1965 to 17.8% in 2015”. National Center for
Health Statistics (NCHS) (2017)
Community/public health nurses are in a position to assist the U.S. health care system to transition
from being disease-oriented to a health-oriented system.
o Public Health Mission
The mission of public health is social justice, which entitles all people to basic necessities such as
adequate income and health protection and accepts collective burdens to make this possible.
o Definitions of Health
“A state of complete well-being, physical, social, and mental, and not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity”.
—World Health Organization (1958)
“The extent to which an individual or group is able, on the one hand, to realize aspirations and
satisfy needs; and, on the other hand, to change or cope with the environment. Health is, therefore,
seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept emphasizing
social and personal resources, and physical capacities”.
— World Health Organization (1986)
o Definition of Community
“a collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or characteristics
form the basis for a sense of unity and belonging”. Rector (2017)
o Definition and Focus of Public Health and Community Health
Public health is the Science and Art of
Preventing disease
Prolonging life
Promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort
Community health extends the realm of public health to include organized health efforts at the
community level through both government and private efforts.
o Core Public Health Functions
, Assessment: Regular collection, analysis, and information sharing about health conditions, risks, and
resources in a community
Policy development: Use of information gathered during assessment to develop local and state health
policies and to direct resources toward those policies
Assurance: Focuses on the availability of necessary health services throughout the community. It
includes maintaining the ability of both public health agencies and private providers to manage day-
to-day operations and the capacity to respond to critical situations and emergencies. Institute of
Medicine (1988)
o Essential Public Health Services
o Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems
o Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community
o Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues
o Mobilize community partnerships and actions to identify and solve health problems
o Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts
o Essential Public Health Services
o Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety
o Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when
otherwise unavailable
o Assure a competent public health and personal health care workforce
o Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services
o Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems
o The Three Levels of Prevention
o Primary prevention
Prevention of problems before they occur
Health promotion and health protection
o Secondary prevention
Early detection and intervention
Early diagnosis and treatment
o Tertiary prevention
Correction and prevention of deterioration of a disease state
Limitation of disability and rehabilitation
o Level of Prevention-Individual
Definition of client Primary (health Secondary (early Tertiary (limitation of
served promotion and diagnosis and disability and
specific prevention) treatment) rehabilitation)
Individual Dietary teaching HIV testing Teaching new clients
during pregnancy Screening for with diabetes how to
cervical cancer administer insulin
Exercise therapy after
stroke
Skin care for
incontinent patient
, o Level of Prevention-Family
Definition of client served Primary (health Secondary (early Tertiary (limitation
promotion and diagnosis and of disability and
specific treatment) rehabilitation)
prevention)
Family (two or more Education Dental Mental health
individuals bound by kinship, regarding examinations counseling or
law, or living arrangement smoking, dental Tuberculin testing referral for family
and with common emotional care, or nutritional for family at risk in crisis (e.g.,
ties and obligations) counseling grieving or
Adequate housing experiencing a
divorce)
Dietary
instructions and
monitoring for
family with
overweight
memebers
o Level of Prevention-Group
Definition of client Primary (health Secondary (early Tertiary (limitation of
served promotion and diagnosis and disability and
specific prevention) treatment) rehabilitation)
Group or aggregate Birthing classes for Vision screening for Group counseling for
(interacting people pregnant teenage first grade class grade school children
with a common mothers Mammography can with asthma
purpose or purposes) AIDS and other STD for screening of Swim therapy for
education for high women I low-income physically disabled
school students neighborhoods elders at a senior
Hearing tests at a center
senior center Alcoholics
anonymous and other
self-help groups
Mental health
services for military
veterans
o Level of Prevention-Community
Definition of client Primary (health Secondary (early Tertiary (limitation of
served promotion and diagnosis and disability and
specific prevention) treatment) rehabilitation)
Community and Fluoride water Organized screening Shelter and location
populations supplementation programs for centers for fire or
(aggregate of people Environmental communities such as earthquake victims
sharing space over sanitation health fairs Emergency medical
time within a social Removal of VDRL screening for services
system; population environmental marriage license Community mental
groups or aggregates hazards applicants in a city health services for
with power relations Lead screening for chronically mentally
and common needs or children by school ill
Chapter 1
o Community/Public Health Nursing
Is the synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice.
Has the major goal to preserve the health of the community and surrounding populations.
Focuses on health promotion and health maintenance.
Is associated with health and identification of populations at risk rather than an episodic response to
patient demand.
o Public Health is described as the art and science of
Preventing disease
Prolonging life
Promoting health through organized community efforts to benefit each citizen.
Winslow (1920)
o Health Care Reform
“Costs of caring for the sick account for the majority of escalating health care dollars, which
increased from 5.7% of the gross domestic product in 1965 to 17.8% in 2015”. National Center for
Health Statistics (NCHS) (2017)
Community/public health nurses are in a position to assist the U.S. health care system to transition
from being disease-oriented to a health-oriented system.
o Public Health Mission
The mission of public health is social justice, which entitles all people to basic necessities such as
adequate income and health protection and accepts collective burdens to make this possible.
o Definitions of Health
“A state of complete well-being, physical, social, and mental, and not merely the absence of disease
or infirmity”.
—World Health Organization (1958)
“The extent to which an individual or group is able, on the one hand, to realize aspirations and
satisfy needs; and, on the other hand, to change or cope with the environment. Health is, therefore,
seen as a resource for everyday life, not the objective of living; it is a positive concept emphasizing
social and personal resources, and physical capacities”.
— World Health Organization (1986)
o Definition of Community
“a collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or characteristics
form the basis for a sense of unity and belonging”. Rector (2017)
o Definition and Focus of Public Health and Community Health
Public health is the Science and Art of
Preventing disease
Prolonging life
Promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort
Community health extends the realm of public health to include organized health efforts at the
community level through both government and private efforts.
o Core Public Health Functions
, Assessment: Regular collection, analysis, and information sharing about health conditions, risks, and
resources in a community
Policy development: Use of information gathered during assessment to develop local and state health
policies and to direct resources toward those policies
Assurance: Focuses on the availability of necessary health services throughout the community. It
includes maintaining the ability of both public health agencies and private providers to manage day-
to-day operations and the capacity to respond to critical situations and emergencies. Institute of
Medicine (1988)
o Essential Public Health Services
o Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems
o Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community
o Inform, educate, and empower people about health issues
o Mobilize community partnerships and actions to identify and solve health problems
o Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts
o Essential Public Health Services
o Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and ensure safety
o Link people to needed personal health services and assure the provision of health care when
otherwise unavailable
o Assure a competent public health and personal health care workforce
o Evaluate effectiveness, accessibility, and quality of personal and population-based health services
o Research for new insights and innovative solutions to health problems
o The Three Levels of Prevention
o Primary prevention
Prevention of problems before they occur
Health promotion and health protection
o Secondary prevention
Early detection and intervention
Early diagnosis and treatment
o Tertiary prevention
Correction and prevention of deterioration of a disease state
Limitation of disability and rehabilitation
o Level of Prevention-Individual
Definition of client Primary (health Secondary (early Tertiary (limitation of
served promotion and diagnosis and disability and
specific prevention) treatment) rehabilitation)
Individual Dietary teaching HIV testing Teaching new clients
during pregnancy Screening for with diabetes how to
cervical cancer administer insulin
Exercise therapy after
stroke
Skin care for
incontinent patient
, o Level of Prevention-Family
Definition of client served Primary (health Secondary (early Tertiary (limitation
promotion and diagnosis and of disability and
specific treatment) rehabilitation)
prevention)
Family (two or more Education Dental Mental health
individuals bound by kinship, regarding examinations counseling or
law, or living arrangement smoking, dental Tuberculin testing referral for family
and with common emotional care, or nutritional for family at risk in crisis (e.g.,
ties and obligations) counseling grieving or
Adequate housing experiencing a
divorce)
Dietary
instructions and
monitoring for
family with
overweight
memebers
o Level of Prevention-Group
Definition of client Primary (health Secondary (early Tertiary (limitation of
served promotion and diagnosis and disability and
specific prevention) treatment) rehabilitation)
Group or aggregate Birthing classes for Vision screening for Group counseling for
(interacting people pregnant teenage first grade class grade school children
with a common mothers Mammography can with asthma
purpose or purposes) AIDS and other STD for screening of Swim therapy for
education for high women I low-income physically disabled
school students neighborhoods elders at a senior
Hearing tests at a center
senior center Alcoholics
anonymous and other
self-help groups
Mental health
services for military
veterans
o Level of Prevention-Community
Definition of client Primary (health Secondary (early Tertiary (limitation of
served promotion and diagnosis and disability and
specific prevention) treatment) rehabilitation)
Community and Fluoride water Organized screening Shelter and location
populations supplementation programs for centers for fire or
(aggregate of people Environmental communities such as earthquake victims
sharing space over sanitation health fairs Emergency medical
time within a social Removal of VDRL screening for services
system; population environmental marriage license Community mental
groups or aggregates hazards applicants in a city health services for
with power relations Lead screening for chronically mentally
and common needs or children by school ill
