EDF 6222 Exam | Question and Verified Answers | Version 2024/2025

EDF 6222 Exam | Question and Verified Answers | Version 2024/2025 "__________ is more than the mere description of events as they occur. It is an attempt to discover order, to show that certain events stand in _________ to other events (Skinner, 1953, p.6)." - ANSWER -Science; lawful relations Being scientifically skeptical means that until there is ____________ available, assumptions should not be made. - ANSWER -evidence In order to be excellent stewards of science, as behavior analysts, we can follow a few guidelines when gathering and evaluating evidence. This includes reducing __________ by ensuring interobserver agreement, examining for actual ___________ (as opposed to effects that could have produced changes without the intervention), ___________ , and self-correction. - ANSWER -observer bias; experimental control; replication With ___________, we look for the simplest explanation possible, not extensive mentalistic explanations. - ANSWER -parsimony "Behaviorism is not the science of human behavior; it is the ___________ of that science" (Skinner, 1974. p.3). - ANSWER -philosophy Structuralism relied on __________, which looked inward to describe sensations, images, and feelings. - ANSWER -introspection _____________ behaviorism might be thought of as a psychological version of logical positivism or operationism. - ANSWER -Methodological While some methodological behaviorists accept that there are mental states, they have ruled them completely out of consideration. This is not a new concept and was once referred to as ____________. - ANSWER -psychophysical parallelism In Pavlov's early research, he did not jump to conclusions to suggest that the dog was "thinking" of food, and therefore salivating. Instead, he carefully controlled conditions that allowed him to show that particular stimuli can "acquire" the ability to elicit secretion. His careful analysis of the scientific method allowed him to avoid both __________ and _________ fictions. - ANSWER -mentalistic; explanatory The evolutionary explanation for reflexes indicates that they are for the survival of the organism. However, we know all too well that sometimes responses can be conditioned that serve no purpose - even add a ____________ purpose - to our complex lives. - ANSWER -debilitating Skinner (1953) informed us "Although the process of [conditioning] greatly extends the scope of the eliciting stimulus, it does not bring all the behavior of the organism within such ___________ "(p. 56). Conditioning can add numerous different eliciting stimuli, but it will never fashion a _________ response. - ANSWER -stimulus control; novel According to Skinner, contingencies of reinforcement have an edge over contingencies of survival because contingencies of reinforcement "Have the edge with __________ and ________ and the conditions under which a species acquires behavior are relatively ___________ and can often be manipulated". - ANSWER -prediction; control; accessible ___________ is the learned behaviors of a particular animal during its lifetime. - ANSWER - Ontongeny _____________ is behaviors that have been passed down over the lifetime of the entire species. - ANSWER -Phylogeny It can be difficult to distinguish between ontogenetic and phylogenic established behaviors. For a person viewing a complex _____________ for he first time, it may seem mysterious. But each step of the chain can be traced back to the shaping process. Just because the shaping process was not observed, it does not mean that it was not _________. However, when we view a spider spin a web "no comparable history can be invoked" to determine the phylogenic contingencies at work (Skinner, 1966, p.1208). - ANSWER -behavior chain; learned Moore (2015) stated "_________ predispose an individual's susceptibility to influence from the ___________(p. 27). We must be careful not to assert that genes "_________" behavior; rather, they set up the physical basis for the processes and structures that participate in behavior. Behavior still occurs in the context of the environment. - ANSWER -genes; environment; cause Imitative responses necessarily require the learner to orient toward the _________ rather than the topographical correspondence of their behavior with respect to the model. - ANSWER -model The use of the mirror provides the additional feedback required to receive _______________ of the model. - ANSWER -discriminative control The most substantial origins of our understanding of operant behavior derived from Darwin's controversial idea that humans were not unique in their ability to _______. - ANSWER -think Thorndike's _____________ succinctly explained that organisms tend to learn new things when behaviors are followed by __________ stimuli and that behaviors tend to __________ when followed by negative stimuli. - ANSWER -law of effect; pleasant; decrease