Regis NU-713 Final Exam
Kaplan-Meier Method formula - ✔✔ correct answer the simplest way of computing the survival over
time in spite of all these difficulties associated with subjects or situations. For each time interval, survival
probability is calculated as the number of subjects surviving divided by the number of patients at risk
Information bias - ✔✔ correct answer The means for obtaining information about subjects is
inadequate, and outcomes are incorrect
Surveillance bias - ✔✔ correct answer May result in erroneous estimates of the relative risk or odds ratio
by paying closer attention to a monitored population
It has been suggested that physicians may examine women who use oral contraceptives more often or
more thoroughly than women who do not. If so, and if an association is observed between phlebitis and
oral contraceptive use, the association may be due to: - ✔✔ correct answer surveillance bias
Bias - ✔✔ correct answer Any systematic error in the design, conduct, or analysis of a study that results
in a mistaken estimate of an exposure's effect on the risk of disease
Selection bias - ✔✔ correct answer A focus on effects rather than causes, which can lead to inaccurate
conclusions about correlation or causation
USPSTF Grade A - ✔✔ correct answer The USPSTF recommends the service. There is high certainty that
the net benefit is substantial. Offer or provide this service.
USPSTF Grade B - ✔✔ correct answer The USPSTF recommends the service. There is high certainty that
the net benefit is moderate or there is moderate certainty that the net benefit is moderate to
substantial. Offer or provide this service.
USPSTF Grade C - ✔✔ correct answer The USPSTF recommends selectively offering or providing this
service to individual patients based on professional judgment and patient preferences. There is at least
moderate certainty that the net benefit is small. Offer or provide this service for selected patients
depending on individual circumstances.
, Regis NU-713 Final Exam
USPSTF Grade D - ✔✔ correct answer The USPSTF recommends against the service. There is moderate or
high certainty that the service has no net benefit or that the harms outweigh the benefits. Discourage
the use of this service.
USPSTF Grade I - ✔✔ correct answer The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to
assess the balance of benefits and harms of the service. Evidence is lacking, of poor quality, or
conflicting, and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined. Read the clinical
considerations section of USPSTF Recommendation Statement. If the service is offered, patients should
understand the uncertainty about the balance of benefits and harms.
cohort study design - ✔✔ correct answer Observational study wherein two groups, exposed and
unexposed, are followed over a period of time until the development of the outcome of interest.
A cohort study design compares those exposed and those not exposed to follow up on ________. - ✔✔
correct answer the time in which the disease developed
randomized control trial - ✔✔ correct answer an experiment in which participants are randomly
assigned to different conditions for the purpose of examining the effectiveness of an intervention
In a randomized trial, a planned crossover design: - ✔✔ correct answer must take into account the
problem of possible residual effects of the first therapy
All of the following are potential benefits of a randomized clinical trial, except: - ✔✔ correct answer The
external validity of the study is increased
case-control study - ✔✔ correct answer A type of epidemiologic study where a group of individuals with
the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals without the disease, referred to as
controls
causal comparative study - ✔✔ correct answer also known as an ex post facto study, this
nonexperimental study is one in which researchers observe current conditions and look to the past for
answers and causes
Kaplan-Meier Method formula - ✔✔ correct answer the simplest way of computing the survival over
time in spite of all these difficulties associated with subjects or situations. For each time interval, survival
probability is calculated as the number of subjects surviving divided by the number of patients at risk
Information bias - ✔✔ correct answer The means for obtaining information about subjects is
inadequate, and outcomes are incorrect
Surveillance bias - ✔✔ correct answer May result in erroneous estimates of the relative risk or odds ratio
by paying closer attention to a monitored population
It has been suggested that physicians may examine women who use oral contraceptives more often or
more thoroughly than women who do not. If so, and if an association is observed between phlebitis and
oral contraceptive use, the association may be due to: - ✔✔ correct answer surveillance bias
Bias - ✔✔ correct answer Any systematic error in the design, conduct, or analysis of a study that results
in a mistaken estimate of an exposure's effect on the risk of disease
Selection bias - ✔✔ correct answer A focus on effects rather than causes, which can lead to inaccurate
conclusions about correlation or causation
USPSTF Grade A - ✔✔ correct answer The USPSTF recommends the service. There is high certainty that
the net benefit is substantial. Offer or provide this service.
USPSTF Grade B - ✔✔ correct answer The USPSTF recommends the service. There is high certainty that
the net benefit is moderate or there is moderate certainty that the net benefit is moderate to
substantial. Offer or provide this service.
USPSTF Grade C - ✔✔ correct answer The USPSTF recommends selectively offering or providing this
service to individual patients based on professional judgment and patient preferences. There is at least
moderate certainty that the net benefit is small. Offer or provide this service for selected patients
depending on individual circumstances.
, Regis NU-713 Final Exam
USPSTF Grade D - ✔✔ correct answer The USPSTF recommends against the service. There is moderate or
high certainty that the service has no net benefit or that the harms outweigh the benefits. Discourage
the use of this service.
USPSTF Grade I - ✔✔ correct answer The USPSTF concludes that the current evidence is insufficient to
assess the balance of benefits and harms of the service. Evidence is lacking, of poor quality, or
conflicting, and the balance of benefits and harms cannot be determined. Read the clinical
considerations section of USPSTF Recommendation Statement. If the service is offered, patients should
understand the uncertainty about the balance of benefits and harms.
cohort study design - ✔✔ correct answer Observational study wherein two groups, exposed and
unexposed, are followed over a period of time until the development of the outcome of interest.
A cohort study design compares those exposed and those not exposed to follow up on ________. - ✔✔
correct answer the time in which the disease developed
randomized control trial - ✔✔ correct answer an experiment in which participants are randomly
assigned to different conditions for the purpose of examining the effectiveness of an intervention
In a randomized trial, a planned crossover design: - ✔✔ correct answer must take into account the
problem of possible residual effects of the first therapy
All of the following are potential benefits of a randomized clinical trial, except: - ✔✔ correct answer The
external validity of the study is increased
case-control study - ✔✔ correct answer A type of epidemiologic study where a group of individuals with
the diseases, referred to as cases, are compared to individuals without the disease, referred to as
controls
causal comparative study - ✔✔ correct answer also known as an ex post facto study, this
nonexperimental study is one in which researchers observe current conditions and look to the past for
answers and causes
