Nutrition Chapter 20, 21, 22, 23 (final
exam) Questions And Answers
Diabetes Mellitus - Answermetabolic disorders characterized by elevated blood glucose
and disordered insulin metabolism
.People with diabetes mellitus may have: - Answerimpaired insulin secretion
cells that do not respond to insulin normally
.What does diabetes mellitus result in? - Answerhyperglycemia
.symptoms of diabetes mellitus - Answerpolyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss,
blurred vision, increased infections, fatigue, dehydration
.What are the ways to diagnose Diabetes? - Answer- non-fasting plasma glucose (over
200mg)
- fasting glucose (over 126 mg)
- plasma glucose 2 hours after a 75 gm glucose load (over 200 mg)
- HbA1c (over 6.5)
.Type 1 Diabetes - Answerautoimmune destruction of beta cells that results in no insulin
- insulin therapy needed
.What is the first sign of type 1 diabetes? - Answerketosis
.Type 2 Diabetes - Answermajority of cases; results in insulin resistance and relative
insulin deficiency
- beta cells get exhausted
.Type 2 Diabetes risk is increased with: - Answerobesity, age, decreased physical
activity, genetics
.What are the acute complications of diabetes? - Answerdisturbances in energy
metabolism, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, hyper and hypoglycemia
.Complications in type 1 diabetes - AnswerKetoacidosis and hypoglycemia
.What are the signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis? - AnswerKetosis (fruity breath),
acidosis (decreased blood pH), hyperglycemia
.What are the causes of ketoacidosis? - Answermissed insulin, illness, alcohol abuse,
physiological stressors
.How does hypoglycemia occur? - Answer- excessive insulin or antidiabetic drugs
, - inappropriate management
- prolonged exercise
- skipped/delayed meals
- alcohol without food
.What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia? - Answersweaty, shaky, slurred
speech, confused
.Complications of type 2 diabetes - Answerhyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
hypoglycemia
.What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state? - Answerhigh blood sugar from not
following medication and diet;
- fluid losses
- blood volume depletion
- electrolyte imbalances
- blood glucose: over 600-2000
.What are the vascular complications of diabetes? - Answer- accelerated
atherosclerosis
- impaired circulation
- foot ulcers
- retinopathy
- nephropathy
.Neuropathy in diabetes - Answernerve damage that leads to: pain, burning, numbness,
loss of sensation, delayed stomach emptying, sexual dysfunction, constipation
- keep A1c below 7% to prevent neuropathies
.Treatment for Type 1 diabetes - Answerinsulin therapy
diet and exercise
carb counting
.Treatment for type 2 diabetes - Answerdiet therapy with weight loss
exercise
oral medications or insulin
.treatment goals for diabetes - Answer-desirable blood glucose levels
-healthy blood lipid concentrations
-control blood pressure
-manage weight
.Conventional insulin therapy - Answerdaily blood glucose monitoring
1-2 daily insulin injections
fewer hypoglycemia outbreaks and less weight gain
more chronic complications
exam) Questions And Answers
Diabetes Mellitus - Answermetabolic disorders characterized by elevated blood glucose
and disordered insulin metabolism
.People with diabetes mellitus may have: - Answerimpaired insulin secretion
cells that do not respond to insulin normally
.What does diabetes mellitus result in? - Answerhyperglycemia
.symptoms of diabetes mellitus - Answerpolyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, weight loss,
blurred vision, increased infections, fatigue, dehydration
.What are the ways to diagnose Diabetes? - Answer- non-fasting plasma glucose (over
200mg)
- fasting glucose (over 126 mg)
- plasma glucose 2 hours after a 75 gm glucose load (over 200 mg)
- HbA1c (over 6.5)
.Type 1 Diabetes - Answerautoimmune destruction of beta cells that results in no insulin
- insulin therapy needed
.What is the first sign of type 1 diabetes? - Answerketosis
.Type 2 Diabetes - Answermajority of cases; results in insulin resistance and relative
insulin deficiency
- beta cells get exhausted
.Type 2 Diabetes risk is increased with: - Answerobesity, age, decreased physical
activity, genetics
.What are the acute complications of diabetes? - Answerdisturbances in energy
metabolism, fluid and electrolyte imbalances, hyper and hypoglycemia
.Complications in type 1 diabetes - AnswerKetoacidosis and hypoglycemia
.What are the signs and symptoms of ketoacidosis? - AnswerKetosis (fruity breath),
acidosis (decreased blood pH), hyperglycemia
.What are the causes of ketoacidosis? - Answermissed insulin, illness, alcohol abuse,
physiological stressors
.How does hypoglycemia occur? - Answer- excessive insulin or antidiabetic drugs
, - inappropriate management
- prolonged exercise
- skipped/delayed meals
- alcohol without food
.What are the signs and symptoms of hypoglycemia? - Answersweaty, shaky, slurred
speech, confused
.Complications of type 2 diabetes - Answerhyperosmolar hyperglycemic state
hypoglycemia
.What is hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state? - Answerhigh blood sugar from not
following medication and diet;
- fluid losses
- blood volume depletion
- electrolyte imbalances
- blood glucose: over 600-2000
.What are the vascular complications of diabetes? - Answer- accelerated
atherosclerosis
- impaired circulation
- foot ulcers
- retinopathy
- nephropathy
.Neuropathy in diabetes - Answernerve damage that leads to: pain, burning, numbness,
loss of sensation, delayed stomach emptying, sexual dysfunction, constipation
- keep A1c below 7% to prevent neuropathies
.Treatment for Type 1 diabetes - Answerinsulin therapy
diet and exercise
carb counting
.Treatment for type 2 diabetes - Answerdiet therapy with weight loss
exercise
oral medications or insulin
.treatment goals for diabetes - Answer-desirable blood glucose levels
-healthy blood lipid concentrations
-control blood pressure
-manage weight
.Conventional insulin therapy - Answerdaily blood glucose monitoring
1-2 daily insulin injections
fewer hypoglycemia outbreaks and less weight gain
more chronic complications
