ATLS Module 6: Head Trauma with Answers 2025 Updated
DistributionJofJbrainJinjuriesJinJtheJEDJ-JcorrectJanswer-75%Jmild
15Jmoderate
10%Jsevere
PrimaryJgoalJofJtreatmentJisJwhatJ-JcorrectJanswer-ToJpreventJsecondaryJbrainJinjuryJ(ABCDEs)
NeurosurgicalJconsolationJtableJforJpatientsJwithJTBIJ-JcorrectJanswer-BoxJ6-1
Monroe-KellieJDoctrineJ-JcorrectJanswer-
whenJoneJcontentJinJtheJskullJincreases,JanotherJmustJdecreaseJtoJcompensateJandJmaintainJnormalJICP
DuraJmaterJ-JcorrectJanswer-
thick,JoutermostJlayerJofJtheJmeningesJsurroundingJandJprotectingJtheJbrainJandJspinalJcord
-
SkullJfracturesJlacerateJtheJmeningealJarteries,JcausingJhemorrhageJinJtheJepiduralJspace.JMC=JmiddleJmeni
ngealJartery.
arachnoidJmaterJ-JcorrectJanswer-middleJlayerJofJtheJmeningesJnamedJforJtheJspider-web-
likeJtrabeculaeJthatJextendJbetweenJitJandJtheJpiaJmater
SubduralJhematoma:JveinsJbeneathJtheJsurfaceJofJbrainJandJvenousJsinusJwithinJduraJtear,JcausingJhemorrha
geJinJsubduralJspace.
PiaJMaterJ-JcorrectJanswer-AttachedJtoJsurfaceJofJbrain
SubarachnoidJspace:JBetweenJarachnoidJandJpiaJlayers,JfilledJwithJcerebrospinalfluid.
SubarachnoidJhemorrhage:JBrainJcontusionJand/orJinjuriesJtoJmajorJbloodJvesselsJatJbaseJofJbrainJcauseJblee
dingJintoJsubarachnoidJspace.
, CerebrumJpartsJ-JcorrectJanswer-
RightJandJleftJhemispheres,JincludingJfrontal,Jparietal,Jtemporal,JandJoccipitalJlobes.
BrainstemJpartsJ-JcorrectJanswer-midbrain,Jpons,Jmedulla,JincludingJcardiorespiratoryJcenters
CerebellumJ-JcorrectJanswer-connectsJtoJspinalJcord,Jbrainstem,JandJcerebralJhemispheres.
IntracranialJcavityJisJdividedJintoJ-JcorrectJanswer-supratentorialJandJinfratentorialJcompartments.
BlownJpupilJ-JcorrectJanswer-CranialJnerveJ3JcompressionJduringJtemporalJlobeJherniation
temporalJlobeJherniationJ-JcorrectJanswer-
UncusJ-JcorrectJanswer-
MedialJpartJofJtemporalJlobeJthatJherniatesJthroughJtheJtentorialJnotch,JcausingJcompressionJofJmidbrainJand
JcontralateralJhemiparesis.
ipsilateralJpupillaryJdilationJwithJcontralateralJhemiparesisJ-JcorrectJanswer-classicJsignJofJuncalJherniation
uncalJherniationJ-JcorrectJanswer-
MediallyJdisplacedJmedialJtemporalJlobeJoverJfreeJmarginJofJtentorium.JFocalJeffacementJofJambientJcisternJ
andJlateralJsuprasellarJcistern.JRarelyJcompressesJcontralateralJcerebralJpeduncleJ(Kernohan'sJnotch)Jagainst
JtentorialJmargin.
NormalJICPJ-JcorrectJanswer-10JmmHg
PressuresJgreaterJthanJ20JmmHgJ-JcorrectJanswer-poorJoutcomes
CerebralJperfusionJpressureJ-JcorrectJanswer-CPPJ=JMAPJ-JICP
DistributionJofJbrainJinjuriesJinJtheJEDJ-JcorrectJanswer-75%Jmild
15Jmoderate
10%Jsevere
PrimaryJgoalJofJtreatmentJisJwhatJ-JcorrectJanswer-ToJpreventJsecondaryJbrainJinjuryJ(ABCDEs)
NeurosurgicalJconsolationJtableJforJpatientsJwithJTBIJ-JcorrectJanswer-BoxJ6-1
Monroe-KellieJDoctrineJ-JcorrectJanswer-
whenJoneJcontentJinJtheJskullJincreases,JanotherJmustJdecreaseJtoJcompensateJandJmaintainJnormalJICP
DuraJmaterJ-JcorrectJanswer-
thick,JoutermostJlayerJofJtheJmeningesJsurroundingJandJprotectingJtheJbrainJandJspinalJcord
-
SkullJfracturesJlacerateJtheJmeningealJarteries,JcausingJhemorrhageJinJtheJepiduralJspace.JMC=JmiddleJmeni
ngealJartery.
arachnoidJmaterJ-JcorrectJanswer-middleJlayerJofJtheJmeningesJnamedJforJtheJspider-web-
likeJtrabeculaeJthatJextendJbetweenJitJandJtheJpiaJmater
SubduralJhematoma:JveinsJbeneathJtheJsurfaceJofJbrainJandJvenousJsinusJwithinJduraJtear,JcausingJhemorrha
geJinJsubduralJspace.
PiaJMaterJ-JcorrectJanswer-AttachedJtoJsurfaceJofJbrain
SubarachnoidJspace:JBetweenJarachnoidJandJpiaJlayers,JfilledJwithJcerebrospinalfluid.
SubarachnoidJhemorrhage:JBrainJcontusionJand/orJinjuriesJtoJmajorJbloodJvesselsJatJbaseJofJbrainJcauseJblee
dingJintoJsubarachnoidJspace.
, CerebrumJpartsJ-JcorrectJanswer-
RightJandJleftJhemispheres,JincludingJfrontal,Jparietal,Jtemporal,JandJoccipitalJlobes.
BrainstemJpartsJ-JcorrectJanswer-midbrain,Jpons,Jmedulla,JincludingJcardiorespiratoryJcenters
CerebellumJ-JcorrectJanswer-connectsJtoJspinalJcord,Jbrainstem,JandJcerebralJhemispheres.
IntracranialJcavityJisJdividedJintoJ-JcorrectJanswer-supratentorialJandJinfratentorialJcompartments.
BlownJpupilJ-JcorrectJanswer-CranialJnerveJ3JcompressionJduringJtemporalJlobeJherniation
temporalJlobeJherniationJ-JcorrectJanswer-
UncusJ-JcorrectJanswer-
MedialJpartJofJtemporalJlobeJthatJherniatesJthroughJtheJtentorialJnotch,JcausingJcompressionJofJmidbrainJand
JcontralateralJhemiparesis.
ipsilateralJpupillaryJdilationJwithJcontralateralJhemiparesisJ-JcorrectJanswer-classicJsignJofJuncalJherniation
uncalJherniationJ-JcorrectJanswer-
MediallyJdisplacedJmedialJtemporalJlobeJoverJfreeJmarginJofJtentorium.JFocalJeffacementJofJambientJcisternJ
andJlateralJsuprasellarJcistern.JRarelyJcompressesJcontralateralJcerebralJpeduncleJ(Kernohan'sJnotch)Jagainst
JtentorialJmargin.
NormalJICPJ-JcorrectJanswer-10JmmHg
PressuresJgreaterJthanJ20JmmHgJ-JcorrectJanswer-poorJoutcomes
CerebralJperfusionJpressureJ-JcorrectJanswer-CPPJ=JMAPJ-JICP