SPHG 712 Exam 2 With Complete
Solution
What is an etiology study? - ANSWER Does X cause Y?
Casual Inference - ANSWER -Inductive/deductive reasoning
-Koch's postulates
-Bradford Hill guidelines
-Causal pies
-Counterfactuals
-Causal diagrams (DAGs (directed acyclic graphs)
What are the 3 questions to ask about exposure and outcome? - ANSWER -
Exposure before outcome?
-Outcome before exposure?
-Exposure and outcome at same time?
What are the two questions to ask about study designs? - ANSWER - When
were exposure and outcome measured?
-What was the unit of analysis?
What are the two outcomes for unit of analysis? - ANSWER Group level
Individual level
Case control study - ANSWER Cases leads to the exposure
,Controls and looking at exposure
Compare the two
Do case control studies happen in the past, present or future - ANSWER Past
Retrospective cohort - ANSWER Exposure (+) then compare disease risk and
rates
Exposure (-) then compare disease risk and rates
Do retrospective cohort studies happen in the past, present or future -
ANSWER Past
Prospective cohort study - ANSWER Exposure (+) then compare disease risk
and rates
Exposure (-) then compare disease risk and rates
Do prospective cohort studies happen in the past, present, or future -
ANSWER Future after start of study
RCT, intervention studies - ANSWER Intervention (+) compare disease risk
and rates
Intervention (-) compare disease risk and rates
Do RCT and intervention studies occur in the past, present, or future -
ANSWER Future after start of study
Cross sectional study - ANSWER Exposure (+/-) and Outcomes (+/-)
measured at one point in time
Cross sectional studies compare what - ANSWER risk
rates
, odds
Definition of cohort - ANSWER Group of persons sharing a common
characteristics
- location
-gender/sex
-age
-occupation
-economic status
Study example of a cohort study - ANSWER British Physicians Study
- cohort: male British physicians
-characteristics: occupation, geographic location, smoking status
-outcome of interest: mortality
T/F: you follow people over time in a cohort study - ANSWER True
Importance of cohort studies (over time) - ANSWER Can measure multiple
time points over multiple decades
Con of cohort studies - ANSWER -Expense of obtaining multiple examples
-time consuming
-resource intensive
-inefficient for rare outcomes
-loss to follow up
Solution
What is an etiology study? - ANSWER Does X cause Y?
Casual Inference - ANSWER -Inductive/deductive reasoning
-Koch's postulates
-Bradford Hill guidelines
-Causal pies
-Counterfactuals
-Causal diagrams (DAGs (directed acyclic graphs)
What are the 3 questions to ask about exposure and outcome? - ANSWER -
Exposure before outcome?
-Outcome before exposure?
-Exposure and outcome at same time?
What are the two questions to ask about study designs? - ANSWER - When
were exposure and outcome measured?
-What was the unit of analysis?
What are the two outcomes for unit of analysis? - ANSWER Group level
Individual level
Case control study - ANSWER Cases leads to the exposure
,Controls and looking at exposure
Compare the two
Do case control studies happen in the past, present or future - ANSWER Past
Retrospective cohort - ANSWER Exposure (+) then compare disease risk and
rates
Exposure (-) then compare disease risk and rates
Do retrospective cohort studies happen in the past, present or future -
ANSWER Past
Prospective cohort study - ANSWER Exposure (+) then compare disease risk
and rates
Exposure (-) then compare disease risk and rates
Do prospective cohort studies happen in the past, present, or future -
ANSWER Future after start of study
RCT, intervention studies - ANSWER Intervention (+) compare disease risk
and rates
Intervention (-) compare disease risk and rates
Do RCT and intervention studies occur in the past, present, or future -
ANSWER Future after start of study
Cross sectional study - ANSWER Exposure (+/-) and Outcomes (+/-)
measured at one point in time
Cross sectional studies compare what - ANSWER risk
rates
, odds
Definition of cohort - ANSWER Group of persons sharing a common
characteristics
- location
-gender/sex
-age
-occupation
-economic status
Study example of a cohort study - ANSWER British Physicians Study
- cohort: male British physicians
-characteristics: occupation, geographic location, smoking status
-outcome of interest: mortality
T/F: you follow people over time in a cohort study - ANSWER True
Importance of cohort studies (over time) - ANSWER Can measure multiple
time points over multiple decades
Con of cohort studies - ANSWER -Expense of obtaining multiple examples
-time consuming
-resource intensive
-inefficient for rare outcomes
-loss to follow up
