BCBA NEW EXAM WITH
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (VERIFIED AND
DETAILED ANSWERS) LATEST
EXAM 2024
2 Types of Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER-1. Escape
2. Avoidance
Escape - ANSWER-A bx allows escape from an ongoing aversive stimulus.
Avoidance - ANSWER-A response that prevents or postpones the presentation of a
stimulus.
,2 Types:
-Discriminated Avoidance
-Free-Operant Avoidance
Discriminated Avoidance - ANSWER-A contingency in which responding in the
presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer.
Free-Operant Avoidance - ANSWER-NO WARNING. A contingency in which responses
at any time during the interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus. The
avoidance bx is "FREE" to occur at any time.
Ethical Warning about Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER-Creating an aversive
condition for the individual is unethical & may even bring about more challenging bxs!
Unconditioned Reinforcer/Reinforcement - ANSWER-AKA: UCR; Primary Reinforcer;
Unlearned Reinforcer
A stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of bx without prior pairing
without any other form of reinforcement.
-No learning history required.
-Products of phylogeny. All members of a species generally share the same UCRs.
Conditioned Reinforcer/Reinforcement - ANSWER-AKA: CR; Secondary Reinforcer;
Learned Reinforcer
When a previously neutral stimulus acquired the ability to function as a reinforcer
through S-S pairing with one or more unconditioned or conditioned reinforcers.
-Learning history required.
-Products of ontogency.
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer - ANSWER-AKA: Generalized Reinforcer; GCSR
A type of conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with many unconditioned &
conditioned reinforcers.
-Does not depend on an MO for its effectiveness.
-They are likely to be reinforcing at any time.
-Same reinforcement is given to people with different preferences.
Punishment - ANSWER-AKA: SD-; SDP; SP; Punishment-based SD
When a response if followed immediately by a stimulus that decreases the FUTURE
frequency of similar responses.
-Defined by function, not topography.
-Defined by future effects on bx.
-2-term contingency: Behavior-->Consequence
,-Becomes 3-term contingency when you add the antecedent, "Discriminative Effects of
Punishment", when punishment occurs only in some conditions & not in others.
Threats are not punishment - ANSWER-If a person stops a bx when you threaten them,
this is NOT bc of punishment. But bc the threat functions as the MO that evokes
alternative bxs that avoid the threatened punishment.
Recovery from Punishment - ANSWER-When punishment is stopped, the effects on bx
are not permanent.
Equivalent to extinction for reinforcement.
Unwanted effect of Punishment - ANSWER--Society dislikes this
-Effect of punishment can be temporary
-People who are doing the procedures may be negatively reinforced by their bx.
-Does not address the cause of the challenging bx
-Emotional & aggressive reactions
-Escape & avoidance of ppl and settings
-Requires lots of supervision, resources & time
-Behavioral Contrast
Punisher - ANSWER-A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of the bx
that immediately precedes it
Positive Punishment - ANSWER-AKA: Type I Punishment
A PROCESS that occurs when a stimulus is added immediately following a bx that
results in a decrease in FUTURE frequency of the bx.
5 Types of Positive Punishment Interventions - ANSWER-ROSER
Reprimands
Overcorrection
Shock/Contingent Electrical Stimulation/ECT
Exercise/Contingent Exercise
Response Blocking
Overcorrection - ANSWER-2 Types:
1. Restitutional Overcorrection: repair environment better than original state
2. Positive Practice Overcorrection: individual is required to correctly repeat bx for a
certain amount of time or a certain number of times
Exercise/Contingent Exercise - ANSWER-An individual is required to perform a
response not topographically related to the bx.
, Response Blocking - ANSWER-Physically intervening as soon as individual begins to
emit bx to "block" the completion of the response
Negative Punishment - ANSWER-AKA: Type II Punishment; Penalty Principle; Penalty
Contingency
A PROCESS when a response is immediately followed by removal of a stimulus (or
decrease in intensity of stimulus) that decreases the FUTURE frequency of similar
responses
Negative Punishment Procedures - ANSWER-Response Cost
Time-Out
Response Cost - ANSWER-Loss of a specific amount of reinforcement contingent on a
bx.
-Produces mod-to-rapid decrease in bx
2 Methods
1. Bonus Response Cost
2. Direct Fines
**Watch out for ethical issues associated with removing reinforcers
Bonus Response Cost - ANSWER-When you make additional non-contingent
reinforcers available to the individual & then take those away.
Example: Students usually get 15 minutes of recess daily, but you give them a "bonus"
15 minutes, so you can take away those extra minutes.
Direct Fines - ANSWER-Direct loss of positive reinforcers
Time-Out - ANSWER-AKA: Time-Out from Positive Reinforcement
2 Types:
1. Non-Exclusionary Time-Out
2. Exclusionary Time-Out
**Ethical issues about duration & conditions of time-out
Non-Exclusionary Time-Out - ANSWER-Individual not removed from space.
Preferred over exclusionary bc it is less restrictive.
4 Types: (IWOR)
1. Ignoring/Planned ignoring
2. Withdrawal of a Specific Positive Reinforcer
3. Observation/Contingent Observation
4. Ribbon/Time-Out Ribbon
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS (VERIFIED AND
DETAILED ANSWERS) LATEST
EXAM 2024
2 Types of Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER-1. Escape
2. Avoidance
Escape - ANSWER-A bx allows escape from an ongoing aversive stimulus.
Avoidance - ANSWER-A response that prevents or postpones the presentation of a
stimulus.
,2 Types:
-Discriminated Avoidance
-Free-Operant Avoidance
Discriminated Avoidance - ANSWER-A contingency in which responding in the
presence of a signal prevents the onset of a stimulus from which escape is a reinforcer.
Free-Operant Avoidance - ANSWER-NO WARNING. A contingency in which responses
at any time during the interval prior to the scheduled onset of an aversive stimulus. The
avoidance bx is "FREE" to occur at any time.
Ethical Warning about Negative Reinforcement - ANSWER-Creating an aversive
condition for the individual is unethical & may even bring about more challenging bxs!
Unconditioned Reinforcer/Reinforcement - ANSWER-AKA: UCR; Primary Reinforcer;
Unlearned Reinforcer
A stimulus change that can increase the future frequency of bx without prior pairing
without any other form of reinforcement.
-No learning history required.
-Products of phylogeny. All members of a species generally share the same UCRs.
Conditioned Reinforcer/Reinforcement - ANSWER-AKA: CR; Secondary Reinforcer;
Learned Reinforcer
When a previously neutral stimulus acquired the ability to function as a reinforcer
through S-S pairing with one or more unconditioned or conditioned reinforcers.
-Learning history required.
-Products of ontogency.
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer - ANSWER-AKA: Generalized Reinforcer; GCSR
A type of conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with many unconditioned &
conditioned reinforcers.
-Does not depend on an MO for its effectiveness.
-They are likely to be reinforcing at any time.
-Same reinforcement is given to people with different preferences.
Punishment - ANSWER-AKA: SD-; SDP; SP; Punishment-based SD
When a response if followed immediately by a stimulus that decreases the FUTURE
frequency of similar responses.
-Defined by function, not topography.
-Defined by future effects on bx.
-2-term contingency: Behavior-->Consequence
,-Becomes 3-term contingency when you add the antecedent, "Discriminative Effects of
Punishment", when punishment occurs only in some conditions & not in others.
Threats are not punishment - ANSWER-If a person stops a bx when you threaten them,
this is NOT bc of punishment. But bc the threat functions as the MO that evokes
alternative bxs that avoid the threatened punishment.
Recovery from Punishment - ANSWER-When punishment is stopped, the effects on bx
are not permanent.
Equivalent to extinction for reinforcement.
Unwanted effect of Punishment - ANSWER--Society dislikes this
-Effect of punishment can be temporary
-People who are doing the procedures may be negatively reinforced by their bx.
-Does not address the cause of the challenging bx
-Emotional & aggressive reactions
-Escape & avoidance of ppl and settings
-Requires lots of supervision, resources & time
-Behavioral Contrast
Punisher - ANSWER-A stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of the bx
that immediately precedes it
Positive Punishment - ANSWER-AKA: Type I Punishment
A PROCESS that occurs when a stimulus is added immediately following a bx that
results in a decrease in FUTURE frequency of the bx.
5 Types of Positive Punishment Interventions - ANSWER-ROSER
Reprimands
Overcorrection
Shock/Contingent Electrical Stimulation/ECT
Exercise/Contingent Exercise
Response Blocking
Overcorrection - ANSWER-2 Types:
1. Restitutional Overcorrection: repair environment better than original state
2. Positive Practice Overcorrection: individual is required to correctly repeat bx for a
certain amount of time or a certain number of times
Exercise/Contingent Exercise - ANSWER-An individual is required to perform a
response not topographically related to the bx.
, Response Blocking - ANSWER-Physically intervening as soon as individual begins to
emit bx to "block" the completion of the response
Negative Punishment - ANSWER-AKA: Type II Punishment; Penalty Principle; Penalty
Contingency
A PROCESS when a response is immediately followed by removal of a stimulus (or
decrease in intensity of stimulus) that decreases the FUTURE frequency of similar
responses
Negative Punishment Procedures - ANSWER-Response Cost
Time-Out
Response Cost - ANSWER-Loss of a specific amount of reinforcement contingent on a
bx.
-Produces mod-to-rapid decrease in bx
2 Methods
1. Bonus Response Cost
2. Direct Fines
**Watch out for ethical issues associated with removing reinforcers
Bonus Response Cost - ANSWER-When you make additional non-contingent
reinforcers available to the individual & then take those away.
Example: Students usually get 15 minutes of recess daily, but you give them a "bonus"
15 minutes, so you can take away those extra minutes.
Direct Fines - ANSWER-Direct loss of positive reinforcers
Time-Out - ANSWER-AKA: Time-Out from Positive Reinforcement
2 Types:
1. Non-Exclusionary Time-Out
2. Exclusionary Time-Out
**Ethical issues about duration & conditions of time-out
Non-Exclusionary Time-Out - ANSWER-Individual not removed from space.
Preferred over exclusionary bc it is less restrictive.
4 Types: (IWOR)
1. Ignoring/Planned ignoring
2. Withdrawal of a Specific Positive Reinforcer
3. Observation/Contingent Observation
4. Ribbon/Time-Out Ribbon
