~ 2
·
·
·
-
·
·
*
⑳ 1
, Chemis my in g systems
All matter is composed of elements . Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary
chemical methods
Elements for diversity ectronegativity
I I I I I
of life Atomic #of Protons # of Neutrons #of elections
ement mass
carbon 12 G 666
Carbon igh Ou
-
·
Some atoms attract
·
Hydrogen ydrogen I I O
Oxygen Hydrogen e- much more strongly than
Others
Nitrogen
·
Nitrogen 147 t
1000 nitrogen carbon This is due to electronegativity !
·
Oxygen
Oxygen Chlorine phosphorus
·
Phosphorus
Phosphorus 31 15 15 16 15
Sulfur
·
32 161616 16
Sulfur
TheSum
· of protons + neutrons In an atom is called the mass number
·
Difference between atoms blon) is lons gained/lost - have a char
·
Difference between atoms & molecules is molecules are composed of atoms
·
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with diff # of neutrons
nteractions Within molecules
The forces that hold atoms together within a molecule are intramolecular forces
Chemical Bonds Within a molecule (covalent)
covalent Bonds form when e are shared between atoms
2 atoms with very different atoms will assume slightly negative charge and the atom w/
electronegativities Share electrons the lower electronegativity will assume slightly positive charge
In a covalent bond. The electrons
are more attracted to the atom Unequal sharing of e =
polar covalent bond
of 2 atoms w/ Simi electronegativity shared
w /
higher electronegativity the electrons ar are
equally
So electrons are more likely to be non polar covalent bond
found it polarity of biological molecules greatly affect their behaviour in cell
·
near a
1 eracons ze ween no ecu es
Orces found between molecules : Intermolecular forces These interactions are weaker than intramolecular forces electrostatic attraction (weak)
+ +
5
- polar -covalent bond H CIC C Cl
5 -18-
:
5
-
between molecules +
St
it
Form -
15-Not yo
:
.
or same molecule If large
#
-
a
H
-
01
St
5t
Hi
dipole -
dipole attraction
000000. 00 To
. hydroe-
Cipole-dipole forces non-polar
"
me are
·
hydrophobic
molecule Effect
&
0
08 0,
When dipoles of polar molecules
non-polara
·
.
·0 0000 4.
position their positive +
Negative ,
Hydrophobic Interactions
ends another Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic
·
near one -
.
2 Hydrogen Bonding (water fearing) While polar molecules
Hydrogen Bonding is a cohesive property of water
can occur between a covalent bond are hydrophilic (water loving
·
Adhesion = Water forms H-bonds w/ other materials .
of hydrogen atom and When non-polar interact
·
a an Hydrogen Bonding is a weaker bond than ionic and covalent bonds . molecules
The positive hydrogen end of one H20 molecule is attracted to the slightly
flourine atom With polar molecules the non-polar
· xygen , Nitrogen , or .
,
end of
negative oxygen on another water molecule ·
.
3 London Dispersion Forces molecules have the tendancy to clump +gth .
as - move around the nucleus a momentary non-symmetrical This
Exists between all types of molecules .
clumping together of the non-polar
·
,
e distribution can develop .
The more e the molecule has or the Molecules is called the hydrophobic effect
,
this can effect the -distribution of the neighbouring atom called
greater the surface Non-polar molecules don't form H-Bonds
·
area ,
the stronger an induced dipole. This results in a
relatively weak attractive force .
the force .
Non-polar molecules : Hydrophobic
polar molecules :
Hydrophilic
·
·
·
-
·
·
*
⑳ 1
, Chemis my in g systems
All matter is composed of elements . Elements are substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by ordinary
chemical methods
Elements for diversity ectronegativity
I I I I I
of life Atomic #of Protons # of Neutrons #of elections
ement mass
carbon 12 G 666
Carbon igh Ou
-
·
Some atoms attract
·
Hydrogen ydrogen I I O
Oxygen Hydrogen e- much more strongly than
Others
Nitrogen
·
Nitrogen 147 t
1000 nitrogen carbon This is due to electronegativity !
·
Oxygen
Oxygen Chlorine phosphorus
·
Phosphorus
Phosphorus 31 15 15 16 15
Sulfur
·
32 161616 16
Sulfur
TheSum
· of protons + neutrons In an atom is called the mass number
·
Difference between atoms blon) is lons gained/lost - have a char
·
Difference between atoms & molecules is molecules are composed of atoms
·
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with diff # of neutrons
nteractions Within molecules
The forces that hold atoms together within a molecule are intramolecular forces
Chemical Bonds Within a molecule (covalent)
covalent Bonds form when e are shared between atoms
2 atoms with very different atoms will assume slightly negative charge and the atom w/
electronegativities Share electrons the lower electronegativity will assume slightly positive charge
In a covalent bond. The electrons
are more attracted to the atom Unequal sharing of e =
polar covalent bond
of 2 atoms w/ Simi electronegativity shared
w /
higher electronegativity the electrons ar are
equally
So electrons are more likely to be non polar covalent bond
found it polarity of biological molecules greatly affect their behaviour in cell
·
near a
1 eracons ze ween no ecu es
Orces found between molecules : Intermolecular forces These interactions are weaker than intramolecular forces electrostatic attraction (weak)
+ +
5
- polar -covalent bond H CIC C Cl
5 -18-
:
5
-
between molecules +
St
it
Form -
15-Not yo
:
.
or same molecule If large
#
-
a
H
-
01
St
5t
Hi
dipole -
dipole attraction
000000. 00 To
. hydroe-
Cipole-dipole forces non-polar
"
me are
·
hydrophobic
molecule Effect
&
0
08 0,
When dipoles of polar molecules
non-polara
·
.
·0 0000 4.
position their positive +
Negative ,
Hydrophobic Interactions
ends another Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic
·
near one -
.
2 Hydrogen Bonding (water fearing) While polar molecules
Hydrogen Bonding is a cohesive property of water
can occur between a covalent bond are hydrophilic (water loving
·
Adhesion = Water forms H-bonds w/ other materials .
of hydrogen atom and When non-polar interact
·
a an Hydrogen Bonding is a weaker bond than ionic and covalent bonds . molecules
The positive hydrogen end of one H20 molecule is attracted to the slightly
flourine atom With polar molecules the non-polar
· xygen , Nitrogen , or .
,
end of
negative oxygen on another water molecule ·
.
3 London Dispersion Forces molecules have the tendancy to clump +gth .
as - move around the nucleus a momentary non-symmetrical This
Exists between all types of molecules .
clumping together of the non-polar
·
,
e distribution can develop .
The more e the molecule has or the Molecules is called the hydrophobic effect
,
this can effect the -distribution of the neighbouring atom called
greater the surface Non-polar molecules don't form H-Bonds
·
area ,
the stronger an induced dipole. This results in a
relatively weak attractive force .
the force .
Non-polar molecules : Hydrophobic
polar molecules :
Hydrophilic
