ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II FINAL EXAM COMPLETE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 2024

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II
FINAL EXAM COMPLETE
QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
2024
What are the three functions of the nervous system? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Sensory, integrative, and motor functions.

What do the sensory functions of the nervous system do? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Sense changes in internal and external environment.

What do the integrative functions of the nervous system do? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>The brain and/or spinal cord interpret sensory signals and decide
whether or not a response is necessary.

What do the motor functions of the nervous system do? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Send impulses through electrical currents to target effectors; "produce a
response".

The Central Nervous System consists of what structures? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Brain and the spinal cord.

The Peripheral Nervous System consists of what structures? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Cranial and spinal nerves.

Is the Somatic Nervous System voluntary or involuntary? What does it innervate? -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Voluntary; skeletal muscle.

Is the Autonomic Nervous System voluntary or involuntary? What does it innervate? -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Involuntary; smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

What is the membrane potential of a neuron at rest? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>-70mv.

Threshold voltage (the membrane potential at which an action potential can be
produced) is how many mv? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>-55mv.

What is the membrane potential during the relative refractory period? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>-90mv.

What are the conditions of the sodium and potassium gates during depolarization?
(Open or closed.) - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Sodium gates are open, potassium gates
are closed.

,The "all-or-none" principle says: "Either the stimuli are sufficient to produce an action
potential, or they are not." -- True or False? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>True.

The absolutely refractory period is during what state of polarization? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Depolarization and repolarization.

Define: synapse. - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>A synapse is a junction between two
neurons or a neuron and its effector.

Do excitatory neurotransmitters drive the membrane potential away from or towards
threshold? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Toward.

What is an example of a neurotransmitter that is excitatory at the neuromuscular
junction and inhibitory at the neurocardian junction? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Acetylcholine (ACh).

Once released into the synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters face on of three fates. What are
they? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>1.) Broken down by enzymes in the synaptic cleft.
2.) Taken up by end bulb and reused.
3.) Diffuse out of the synaptic cleft and are lost.

What are the functions of the cerebrum? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Higher order
behaviors: learning, intelligence and awareness; controls skeletal muscle.

What are the functions of the cerebellum? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Allows body to
have coordinated movement, balance, posture, and complex reflexes; controls muscle
tone.

What are the functions of the thalamus? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Relay for sensory
information on its way to the cerebrum.

What are the functions of the hypothalamus? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Interface
between the nervous and endocrine systems; controls body temperature, hunger and
thirst.

What are the functions of the midbrain? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Relay for motor
information from the cerebrum to the pons; coordinates movement of head and
eyeballs.

What are the functions of the pons? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Relays information to
and from the cerebellum; helps control breathing.

What are the functions of the medulla oblongata? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Regulates heartbeat, breathing, and blood vessel diameter; controls
coughing, sneezing and vomiting.

, The thin, innermost layer of the meninges, which supplies blood to the surface of the
brain, is called the... - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Pia mater.

Ventricles are lined with _________ cells, which produce and circulate cerebrospinal
fluid (CSF). - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Ependymal cells.

What are the two functions of CSF? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>1.) Shock absorption.
2.) Maintains optimal environment for action potentials.

__________ are the cells that form the blood/brain barrier (BBB). - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Astrocytes.

The brain has a constant demand for ____ and _______, so these substances pass
easily through the BBB. - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>O2 and glucose.

Cranial nerves, fill in the blank:
# -- Name -- Sensory/Motor/Both --
- IV(4) -- ____ -- ____
- ____ -- Vestibulochoclear -- ____
- X (10) -- Vagus -- ____ - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>1.) IV(4): Trochlear, motor.
2.) VIII(8): Vestibulochoclear, sensory.
3.) X(10): Vagus, both.

Do the dorsal roots of the spinal cord carry sensory or motor information? - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Sensory information.

Define: reflex. - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Rapid autonomic response that protects
body and maintains homeostasis.

Do anticholinergic drugs decrease the effects of the sympathetic or parasympathetic
nervous system? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Parasympathetic.

Nervous tissue is slow to heal because it has a low mitosis rate and a high metabolic
rate. -- True or false? - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>True

Anatomy is the study of ____ or _________, and physiology is the study of ________. -
CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Anatomy is the study of FORM or STRUCTURE, and
physiology is the study of FUNCTION.

The bumps on the surface of the brain are called ____, and the grooves between them
are called _____. - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The bumps on the surface of the brain
are called GYRI, and the grooves between them are called SULCI.

Define: ganglion. - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Collection of neuron cell bodies outside of
the CNS.