Erth 101 Final Exam
With Solution
Basalt - ANSWER A dark, dense, igneous rock with a fine texture, found in
oceanic crust
Peridotite - ANSWER Dense, dark igneous rock that makes up the mantle.
Granite - ANSWER A usually light-colored rock that is found in continental
crust
atmosphere - ANSWER gaseous layer of the earth that consists of 78% N2,
21% O2, and minor amounts of Ar, CO2, and other gases
Hydrosphere - ANSWER water layer of the earth, includes water in the
oceans, rivers, lakes, glaciers
continetal crust - ANSWER thick crust (average 45 km) of the earth; an
overall, rigid solid: composed of many types of rocks, but has overall
"granitic" or silicic/felsic composition (rock high in silica, but low in iron and
magnesium; a light-colored rock with a low density); the low density is why it
sits higher in the earth than the oceanic cru
oceanic crust - ANSWER thin crust (average 5 km) of the earth; an overall
rigid solid; mafic or "basaltic" composition (rock low in silica, but high in iron
and magnesium; a dark-colored rock with a high density); high density is why
it rides lower in the earth than continental crust
Mantle - ANSWER that portion of the earth beneath the crust and above the
,core; composed of peridotite or ultramafic rock (rock low in silica and very
high in iron and magnesium, a green to dark-colored rock, denser than
oceanic crust); very thick portion of the earth (2885 km); due to its thickness
and the wide range of pressure and temperature changes over that distance,
it has several physical or phase changes in it;
core - ANSWER the deepest portion of the earth is composed of iron and
nickel, due to its thickness (3450 km) and the wide range of pressure and
temperature changes over that distance, it is physically zoned into an upper
liquid core and lower solid core
moon rocks - ANSWER Rock samples brought back from the moon, including
meteorites from the moon also date to approx. 4.6 billion years old
Anorthosite - ANSWER A rock composing the light, rough highland areas of
the moon's surface
According to the nebular hypothesis of planet formation - ANSWER the Earth
and Sun formed from the same cloud of dust and gas
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are larger than the terrestrial planets
because - ANSWER They formed in cooler parts of the solar nebula where the
most abundant elements could condense
Evidence in support of continental drift comes from - ANSWER The locations
of glacial deposits worldwide
Paleomagnetic studies
The jigsaw puzzle-like fit of the continents
same species of dinosaur bones on different continents
,Evidence of seafloor spreading includes - ANSWER magnetic reversal
recorded in basalts
higher heat flow along the ridge axis
sediment thickness increases away from the ridge
Tectonic plates consist of - ANSWER either oceanic or continental
lithosphere, or a combination of both
By comparison to continental lithosphere, oceanic lithosphere is typically -
ANSWER more dense and thinner
The following is an example of a geologic feature at a convergent boundary -
ANSWER accretionary prism
At subduction zones, the overriding plate - ANSWER may be composed of
either oceanic or continental lithosphere
If a tectonic plate were moving east over a fixed hot spot, the youngest
volcano in the hot spot chain would be located - ANSWER on the west end of
the chain
Tectonic plates move at a speed of about - ANSWER 1-10 centimeters per
year
ocean layers thickness - ANSWER ~4-5 km
oceanic crust layer thickness - ANSWER ~7-10 km
old oceanic lithosphere thickness - ANSWER ~100 km
continental crust thickness - ANSWER ~35 km
continental lithosphere thickness - ANSWER ~150 km
, not a mineral - ANSWER propane
plastic
sugar
obsidian glass
All crystals are minerals. - ANSWER false
Mineral formation can occur by - ANSWER solidification from a melt
precipitation from a vapor
precipitation from a solution
A(n)_______ crystal has well-developed facets whereas a(n) _______ crystal has
poorly developed facet - ANSWER euhedral / anhedral
Which of the following minerals is known to be hazardous when exposed to
groundwater or the air - ANSWER arsenopyrite
The main anions in silicate minerals are - ANSWER SiO4 4-
The most common minerals in Earth's crust are - ANSWER silicates
Crystalline rocks have ______ grains that are _________ - ANSWER angular /
interlocking
With Solution
Basalt - ANSWER A dark, dense, igneous rock with a fine texture, found in
oceanic crust
Peridotite - ANSWER Dense, dark igneous rock that makes up the mantle.
Granite - ANSWER A usually light-colored rock that is found in continental
crust
atmosphere - ANSWER gaseous layer of the earth that consists of 78% N2,
21% O2, and minor amounts of Ar, CO2, and other gases
Hydrosphere - ANSWER water layer of the earth, includes water in the
oceans, rivers, lakes, glaciers
continetal crust - ANSWER thick crust (average 45 km) of the earth; an
overall, rigid solid: composed of many types of rocks, but has overall
"granitic" or silicic/felsic composition (rock high in silica, but low in iron and
magnesium; a light-colored rock with a low density); the low density is why it
sits higher in the earth than the oceanic cru
oceanic crust - ANSWER thin crust (average 5 km) of the earth; an overall
rigid solid; mafic or "basaltic" composition (rock low in silica, but high in iron
and magnesium; a dark-colored rock with a high density); high density is why
it rides lower in the earth than continental crust
Mantle - ANSWER that portion of the earth beneath the crust and above the
,core; composed of peridotite or ultramafic rock (rock low in silica and very
high in iron and magnesium, a green to dark-colored rock, denser than
oceanic crust); very thick portion of the earth (2885 km); due to its thickness
and the wide range of pressure and temperature changes over that distance,
it has several physical or phase changes in it;
core - ANSWER the deepest portion of the earth is composed of iron and
nickel, due to its thickness (3450 km) and the wide range of pressure and
temperature changes over that distance, it is physically zoned into an upper
liquid core and lower solid core
moon rocks - ANSWER Rock samples brought back from the moon, including
meteorites from the moon also date to approx. 4.6 billion years old
Anorthosite - ANSWER A rock composing the light, rough highland areas of
the moon's surface
According to the nebular hypothesis of planet formation - ANSWER the Earth
and Sun formed from the same cloud of dust and gas
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune are larger than the terrestrial planets
because - ANSWER They formed in cooler parts of the solar nebula where the
most abundant elements could condense
Evidence in support of continental drift comes from - ANSWER The locations
of glacial deposits worldwide
Paleomagnetic studies
The jigsaw puzzle-like fit of the continents
same species of dinosaur bones on different continents
,Evidence of seafloor spreading includes - ANSWER magnetic reversal
recorded in basalts
higher heat flow along the ridge axis
sediment thickness increases away from the ridge
Tectonic plates consist of - ANSWER either oceanic or continental
lithosphere, or a combination of both
By comparison to continental lithosphere, oceanic lithosphere is typically -
ANSWER more dense and thinner
The following is an example of a geologic feature at a convergent boundary -
ANSWER accretionary prism
At subduction zones, the overriding plate - ANSWER may be composed of
either oceanic or continental lithosphere
If a tectonic plate were moving east over a fixed hot spot, the youngest
volcano in the hot spot chain would be located - ANSWER on the west end of
the chain
Tectonic plates move at a speed of about - ANSWER 1-10 centimeters per
year
ocean layers thickness - ANSWER ~4-5 km
oceanic crust layer thickness - ANSWER ~7-10 km
old oceanic lithosphere thickness - ANSWER ~100 km
continental crust thickness - ANSWER ~35 km
continental lithosphere thickness - ANSWER ~150 km
, not a mineral - ANSWER propane
plastic
sugar
obsidian glass
All crystals are minerals. - ANSWER false
Mineral formation can occur by - ANSWER solidification from a melt
precipitation from a vapor
precipitation from a solution
A(n)_______ crystal has well-developed facets whereas a(n) _______ crystal has
poorly developed facet - ANSWER euhedral / anhedral
Which of the following minerals is known to be hazardous when exposed to
groundwater or the air - ANSWER arsenopyrite
The main anions in silicate minerals are - ANSWER SiO4 4-
The most common minerals in Earth's crust are - ANSWER silicates
Crystalline rocks have ______ grains that are _________ - ANSWER angular /
interlocking
