Catabolism - ANSWER Processes that break down food for energy and
building blocks
-Example: glycolysis
Anabolism - ANSWER Processes that use energy and building blocks to make
molecules we need
-Example: photosynthesis
Sun - ANSWER All life depends on the energy acquired from the _________.
-Light energy is absorbed during photosynthesis, which promotes electrons to
higher energy orbitals (excited state)
-Excited electrons store energy and can transfer it to other molecules in redox
reactions
-Constant influx of energy to resist entropy
Oxidized - ANSWER Food is _______ to collect high energy electrons that are
then used to drive reactions
Coupled reactions - ANSWER A thermodynamically unfavorable reaction
(postive ΔG) can be made to occur if coupled with a thermodynamically
favorable reaction (negative ΔG)
-Overall negative ΔG
Kinase - ANSWER An enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from one
molecule to another
Coenzyme - ANSWER A low molecular weight organic compound, which in
cooperation with an enzyme, facilitates catalysis of a reaction
-Often have a component that is derived from a vitamin
Vitamin - ANSWER A nutritional requirement since the organism is unable to
biosynthesize an adequate amount for its own use
, NAD+ - ANSWER A coenzyme that collects electrons released during
catabolism; is reduced to NADH
-Form of stored chemical energy (electron carrier)
-Provides energy upon oxidation that drives synthesis of ATP
Niacin - ANSWER Vitamin component of NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) - ANSWER
2 - ANSWER The reduction of NAD+ to NADH involves _____ the transfer
of ________ electrons.
FAD - ANSWER An electron carrier that is reduced to FADH2
Glycolysis - ANSWER The first step in the process of oxidizing glucose to get
energy from the molecule; most common pathway to harvest energy
-Reactants: 1 molecule of glucose, 2 ATP
-Products: 2 pyruvate molecules, 4 ATP (2 net), 2 NADH
Glucose - ANSWER The main fuel for human bodies; contains a lot of
reduced carbon
Facilitated diffusion - ANSWER Glucose enters into cells through three
pathways: 1) diffusion, 2) __________ and 3) active transport
-The 2nd pathway listed uses the transport protein Glut-1
Investment phase - ANSWER The first phase of glycolysis (Reactions 1-5);
breaks glucose into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
-Requires the spending of two ATP molecules (increasing free energy of
glucose)
Payoff phase - ANSWER The second phase of glycolysis (Reactions 6-10);
convert the two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into two pyruvate molecules
-Generates four ATP molecules
Hexokinase - ANSWER The enzyme required to catalyze the first reaction of
glycolysis
building blocks
-Example: glycolysis
Anabolism - ANSWER Processes that use energy and building blocks to make
molecules we need
-Example: photosynthesis
Sun - ANSWER All life depends on the energy acquired from the _________.
-Light energy is absorbed during photosynthesis, which promotes electrons to
higher energy orbitals (excited state)
-Excited electrons store energy and can transfer it to other molecules in redox
reactions
-Constant influx of energy to resist entropy
Oxidized - ANSWER Food is _______ to collect high energy electrons that are
then used to drive reactions
Coupled reactions - ANSWER A thermodynamically unfavorable reaction
(postive ΔG) can be made to occur if coupled with a thermodynamically
favorable reaction (negative ΔG)
-Overall negative ΔG
Kinase - ANSWER An enzyme that transfers a phosphate group from one
molecule to another
Coenzyme - ANSWER A low molecular weight organic compound, which in
cooperation with an enzyme, facilitates catalysis of a reaction
-Often have a component that is derived from a vitamin
Vitamin - ANSWER A nutritional requirement since the organism is unable to
biosynthesize an adequate amount for its own use
, NAD+ - ANSWER A coenzyme that collects electrons released during
catabolism; is reduced to NADH
-Form of stored chemical energy (electron carrier)
-Provides energy upon oxidation that drives synthesis of ATP
Niacin - ANSWER Vitamin component of NAD+
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) - ANSWER
2 - ANSWER The reduction of NAD+ to NADH involves _____ the transfer
of ________ electrons.
FAD - ANSWER An electron carrier that is reduced to FADH2
Glycolysis - ANSWER The first step in the process of oxidizing glucose to get
energy from the molecule; most common pathway to harvest energy
-Reactants: 1 molecule of glucose, 2 ATP
-Products: 2 pyruvate molecules, 4 ATP (2 net), 2 NADH
Glucose - ANSWER The main fuel for human bodies; contains a lot of
reduced carbon
Facilitated diffusion - ANSWER Glucose enters into cells through three
pathways: 1) diffusion, 2) __________ and 3) active transport
-The 2nd pathway listed uses the transport protein Glut-1
Investment phase - ANSWER The first phase of glycolysis (Reactions 1-5);
breaks glucose into two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
-Requires the spending of two ATP molecules (increasing free energy of
glucose)
Payoff phase - ANSWER The second phase of glycolysis (Reactions 6-10);
convert the two glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into two pyruvate molecules
-Generates four ATP molecules
Hexokinase - ANSWER The enzyme required to catalyze the first reaction of
glycolysis
