Orientation and Mobility Exam
Questions Correct Answers New
Update (Verified Pass)
AER - Answers -✔✔ Association for Education and Rehabilitation of the Blind and
Visually Impaired
COMSTAC report - Answers -✔✔ 1966 Commission on Standards and Accreditation of
Services for the Blind report recommending standards for service programs and an
organization of voluntary accreditation based on these standards
AFB - Answers -✔✔ American Foundation for the Blind
IMC - Answers -✔✔ International Mobility Conference
ACVREP - Answers -✔✔ Academy for Certification of Vision Rehabilitation and
Educational Professionals
First 6 O&M professionals - Answers -✔✔ John Malamazian, Stanley Suterko, Alfred D
Corbett, Edward Thuis, Lawrence Blaha, and Edward Mees 1947
AFB - Answers -✔✔ American Foundation for the Blind
Boston College - Answers -✔✔ 1st university program 1960
Sir Frances Campbell - Answers -✔✔ 1860- experiments with long cane for "foot
travel" at Perkins
The Seeing Eye - Answers -✔✔ 1929- first dog guide school in US
Valley Forge Army Hospital - Answers -✔✔ 1944- Hoover and long cane mobility
techniques called "foot travel"
C Warren Bledsoe - Answers -✔✔ Orienter from Valley Forge who went 1st to teach
Hoover method at Dibble Army General Hospital (1945)- then at the VA Hines Rehab
Center in 1947
Russell C Williams - Answers -✔✔ 1948- blind chief of Hines Blind Unit
The Long Cane - Answers -✔✔ 1952 video produced by the VA to inform about the
Hoover Method
,Father Thomas J Carroll - Answers -✔✔ 1953 Catholic Guild for the Blind mounts
Gloucester conference to define the role and training of mobility instructors
(unsuccessful)
Mary E Switzer - Answers -✔✔ 1954- director of Office of Voc Rehab helps with Voc
Rehab Act to support demo grants to help prepare O&M specialists.
Dorothy Eustis - Answers -✔✔ Mother of the Dog Guide movement; established The
Seeing Eye in 1929
Avon Program - Answers -✔✔ "Facial Vision" / obstacle perception for Army WWII was
Blinded vets; surgeon general/ President Roosevelt/ Col Vail. Led to training the Hoover
method at Dibble Army Hospital
CEC - Answers -✔✔ Council for Exceptional Children
JVIB - Answers -✔✔ Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness
Sound propagation - Answers -✔✔ A disturbance in the medium sound travels through
Rarefraction - Answers -✔✔ An area where the displaced particles in a medium are
spread out
Compression - Answers -✔✔ An area where the displaced particles are closer together
Elasticity - Answers -✔✔ A medium's tendency to resist change and return to its
original state
intensity of sound - Answers -✔✔ Perceived as loudness- related to the density of
compressions and amplitude of particle vibration
Frequency - Answers -✔✔ Perceived as pitch- the rate of compressions and
rarefactions per second (Hz)
Wavelength - Answers -✔✔ Distance covered by one complete cycle of a sound wave.
High frequency= short wavelength; low frequency = long wavelengths
noise cancelling - Answers -✔✔ Tones that are out of phase are used to cancel sounds
Baffle - Answers -✔✔ An obstacle to sound energy that can either absorb, reflect,
refract, or diffract the sound energy
,Reflection - Answers -✔✔ The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a surface through
which it cannot pass.
Absorption - Answers -✔✔ When sound energy is dissipated as heat
Sound shadow - Answers -✔✔ an area of reduced sound intensity around the ear
farther away from where a sound originates
Diffraction - Answers -✔✔ Scattering of energy around a baffle
Refraction - Answers -✔✔ When a sound is forces to change its direction of
propagation because of a change in speed as it passes through a baffle
0 dB HL - Answers -✔✔ Sound pressure level needed for the average person with
normal hearing to detect a test signal 50% of the time
Pitch - Answers -✔✔ A tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on
frequency.
OU - Answers -✔✔ Oculi uterque = both eyes
OS - Answers -✔✔ Oculus sinister = left eye
OD - Answers -✔✔ Oculus dexter = right eye
AU - Answers -✔✔ Auribus uterque= both ears
AD - Answers -✔✔ Auribus dexter = right ear
AS - Answers -✔✔ Auribus sinister= left ear
Symbol X on audiogram - Answers -✔✔ Left ear pure tone air conduction threshold
Symbol O on audiogram - Answers -✔✔ Right ear pure tone air conduction threshold
Symbol < on audiogram - Answers -✔✔ Right ear pure tone bone conduction threshold
Symbol > - Answers -✔✔ Left ear pure tone bone conduction threshold
Conductive hearing loss - Answers -✔✔ Hearing loss resulting from a lesion or disease
in the outer ear, middle ear, or both
Mixed hearing loss - Answers -✔✔ A hearing impairment that results from both a
conductive and sensorineural problem in the same auditory system
, Sensorineural hearing loss - Answers -✔✔ A hearing impairment resulting from a
dysfunction somewhere within the inner ear, along the central auditory pathway, or
along the auditory neural pathway/ auditory cortex of the brain. Typically related to a
cochlear abnormality, but not always.
-10 to 15 dB HL - Answers -✔✔ Normal hearing
16-25 dB HL - Answers -✔✔ Slight hearing loss
26-40 dB HL - Answers -✔✔ mild hearing loss; difficulty hearing faint or distant speech
41-55 dB HL - Answers -✔✔ moderate hearing loss- understands conversational
speech w/in 3-5 ft
56-70 dB HL - Answers -✔✔ moderately severe hearing loss- understands very loud
conversation; difficulty communicating in groups
71-90 dB HL - Answers -✔✔ severe hearing loss- may be able to hear a loud voice 1 ft
from the ear
>90 dB HL - Answers -✔✔ Profound hearing loss- may hear very loud sounds, but not
enough to rely on speech for communication
bone conduction testing - Answers -✔✔ Bypasses outer and middle ear to stimulate
the cochlea.
Air conduction testing - Answers -✔✔ Assesses outer and middle ear functioning
characteristic of conductive hearing loss - Answers -✔✔ Poorer hearing in low
frequencies or equally across frequencies; benefit from amplification
characteristic of sensorineural hearing loss - Answers -✔✔ Typically more severe in
upper frequencies; talk louder than normal; cochlear implants may or may not help
Traffic noise sound levels - Answers -✔✔ Average 55-82 dBA in lower frequencies
ranging from 500-4000 Hz
Orbit - Answers -✔✔ Bony cavity of the skull that contains the eyeball; protects, houses
extraocular muscles. Lacrimal glands and CN II (optic nerve)
conjunctiva - Answers -✔✔ mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and outer surface
of the eyeball; lubrication
Questions Correct Answers New
Update (Verified Pass)
AER - Answers -✔✔ Association for Education and Rehabilitation of the Blind and
Visually Impaired
COMSTAC report - Answers -✔✔ 1966 Commission on Standards and Accreditation of
Services for the Blind report recommending standards for service programs and an
organization of voluntary accreditation based on these standards
AFB - Answers -✔✔ American Foundation for the Blind
IMC - Answers -✔✔ International Mobility Conference
ACVREP - Answers -✔✔ Academy for Certification of Vision Rehabilitation and
Educational Professionals
First 6 O&M professionals - Answers -✔✔ John Malamazian, Stanley Suterko, Alfred D
Corbett, Edward Thuis, Lawrence Blaha, and Edward Mees 1947
AFB - Answers -✔✔ American Foundation for the Blind
Boston College - Answers -✔✔ 1st university program 1960
Sir Frances Campbell - Answers -✔✔ 1860- experiments with long cane for "foot
travel" at Perkins
The Seeing Eye - Answers -✔✔ 1929- first dog guide school in US
Valley Forge Army Hospital - Answers -✔✔ 1944- Hoover and long cane mobility
techniques called "foot travel"
C Warren Bledsoe - Answers -✔✔ Orienter from Valley Forge who went 1st to teach
Hoover method at Dibble Army General Hospital (1945)- then at the VA Hines Rehab
Center in 1947
Russell C Williams - Answers -✔✔ 1948- blind chief of Hines Blind Unit
The Long Cane - Answers -✔✔ 1952 video produced by the VA to inform about the
Hoover Method
,Father Thomas J Carroll - Answers -✔✔ 1953 Catholic Guild for the Blind mounts
Gloucester conference to define the role and training of mobility instructors
(unsuccessful)
Mary E Switzer - Answers -✔✔ 1954- director of Office of Voc Rehab helps with Voc
Rehab Act to support demo grants to help prepare O&M specialists.
Dorothy Eustis - Answers -✔✔ Mother of the Dog Guide movement; established The
Seeing Eye in 1929
Avon Program - Answers -✔✔ "Facial Vision" / obstacle perception for Army WWII was
Blinded vets; surgeon general/ President Roosevelt/ Col Vail. Led to training the Hoover
method at Dibble Army Hospital
CEC - Answers -✔✔ Council for Exceptional Children
JVIB - Answers -✔✔ Journal of Visual Impairment and Blindness
Sound propagation - Answers -✔✔ A disturbance in the medium sound travels through
Rarefraction - Answers -✔✔ An area where the displaced particles in a medium are
spread out
Compression - Answers -✔✔ An area where the displaced particles are closer together
Elasticity - Answers -✔✔ A medium's tendency to resist change and return to its
original state
intensity of sound - Answers -✔✔ Perceived as loudness- related to the density of
compressions and amplitude of particle vibration
Frequency - Answers -✔✔ Perceived as pitch- the rate of compressions and
rarefactions per second (Hz)
Wavelength - Answers -✔✔ Distance covered by one complete cycle of a sound wave.
High frequency= short wavelength; low frequency = long wavelengths
noise cancelling - Answers -✔✔ Tones that are out of phase are used to cancel sounds
Baffle - Answers -✔✔ An obstacle to sound energy that can either absorb, reflect,
refract, or diffract the sound energy
,Reflection - Answers -✔✔ The bouncing back of a wave when it hits a surface through
which it cannot pass.
Absorption - Answers -✔✔ When sound energy is dissipated as heat
Sound shadow - Answers -✔✔ an area of reduced sound intensity around the ear
farther away from where a sound originates
Diffraction - Answers -✔✔ Scattering of energy around a baffle
Refraction - Answers -✔✔ When a sound is forces to change its direction of
propagation because of a change in speed as it passes through a baffle
0 dB HL - Answers -✔✔ Sound pressure level needed for the average person with
normal hearing to detect a test signal 50% of the time
Pitch - Answers -✔✔ A tone's experienced highness or lowness; depends on
frequency.
OU - Answers -✔✔ Oculi uterque = both eyes
OS - Answers -✔✔ Oculus sinister = left eye
OD - Answers -✔✔ Oculus dexter = right eye
AU - Answers -✔✔ Auribus uterque= both ears
AD - Answers -✔✔ Auribus dexter = right ear
AS - Answers -✔✔ Auribus sinister= left ear
Symbol X on audiogram - Answers -✔✔ Left ear pure tone air conduction threshold
Symbol O on audiogram - Answers -✔✔ Right ear pure tone air conduction threshold
Symbol < on audiogram - Answers -✔✔ Right ear pure tone bone conduction threshold
Symbol > - Answers -✔✔ Left ear pure tone bone conduction threshold
Conductive hearing loss - Answers -✔✔ Hearing loss resulting from a lesion or disease
in the outer ear, middle ear, or both
Mixed hearing loss - Answers -✔✔ A hearing impairment that results from both a
conductive and sensorineural problem in the same auditory system
, Sensorineural hearing loss - Answers -✔✔ A hearing impairment resulting from a
dysfunction somewhere within the inner ear, along the central auditory pathway, or
along the auditory neural pathway/ auditory cortex of the brain. Typically related to a
cochlear abnormality, but not always.
-10 to 15 dB HL - Answers -✔✔ Normal hearing
16-25 dB HL - Answers -✔✔ Slight hearing loss
26-40 dB HL - Answers -✔✔ mild hearing loss; difficulty hearing faint or distant speech
41-55 dB HL - Answers -✔✔ moderate hearing loss- understands conversational
speech w/in 3-5 ft
56-70 dB HL - Answers -✔✔ moderately severe hearing loss- understands very loud
conversation; difficulty communicating in groups
71-90 dB HL - Answers -✔✔ severe hearing loss- may be able to hear a loud voice 1 ft
from the ear
>90 dB HL - Answers -✔✔ Profound hearing loss- may hear very loud sounds, but not
enough to rely on speech for communication
bone conduction testing - Answers -✔✔ Bypasses outer and middle ear to stimulate
the cochlea.
Air conduction testing - Answers -✔✔ Assesses outer and middle ear functioning
characteristic of conductive hearing loss - Answers -✔✔ Poorer hearing in low
frequencies or equally across frequencies; benefit from amplification
characteristic of sensorineural hearing loss - Answers -✔✔ Typically more severe in
upper frequencies; talk louder than normal; cochlear implants may or may not help
Traffic noise sound levels - Answers -✔✔ Average 55-82 dBA in lower frequencies
ranging from 500-4000 Hz
Orbit - Answers -✔✔ Bony cavity of the skull that contains the eyeball; protects, houses
extraocular muscles. Lacrimal glands and CN II (optic nerve)
conjunctiva - Answers -✔✔ mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and outer surface
of the eyeball; lubrication
