PATHOPHYSIOLOGY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS RATED A+ UPDATED.

1. How does the term pathogenesis differ from pathophysiology? Pathogenesis= disease beginning before it presents itself Pathophysiology= is concerned with etiology, pathogenesis and clinical manifestation of a disease; this involves the analysis of cellular, tissue, organ and body system changes that occur in a disease state. 2. List and describe the 4 types of etiologies i. Multifactorial= unknown; having more than one genetic and/or environmental causing event ii. Idiopathic= no known etiology iii. Nosocomial= disease is the result of exposure to infection in the health care environment ex. When a child gets varicella (chicken pox) while being a patient in the hospital iv. Iatrogenic= disease are those that are the inadvertent result of medical treatment ex. Patient who develops UTI from the placement of a urinary catheter 3. What does the term syndrome mean? Syndrome= a cluster of clinical manifestations and laboratory and other diagnostic tests that fit a recognizable, predictable pattern 4. Describe the difference between signs and symptoms Signs= related to a specific disease, observable or measurable expression of the altered health condition ex. Vesicles appearing on skin for chicken pox Symptoms= “subjective”, indicator that is reported by someone ex. Not feeling well (general terms) 5. Differentiate between remission, exacerbation and insidious i. Remission= symptom free period ii. Exacerbation= a period in which symptoms flare and can be severe iii. Insidious= gradual in onset 6. What is epidemiology? The study of disease in populations 7. How does mortality and morbidity differ? Mortality= death rate resulting from a disease Morbidity= poor quality of life resulting from a disease 8. How does incidence and prevalence differ? Incidence= the rate of occurrence of a health condition at any given rate Prevalence= percentage of a population that is affected by a particular disease at a given time 9. What are 3 responses cells can do in relation to being faced with a stressor? Describe each Change in size, number and structure. 10. Why would atrophy occur in a cell? -When a cell signal is removed, often hormones -Decrease in the functional demand on a cell prompts a decrease in cell size, this often occurs when a limb is immobilized in a cast and active muscle movement is impaired leading to decreased cell size. -Decreased oxygen supply (ischemia) can also decrease cell size. -Can occur secondary to blockage in cell supply, reduces delivery of O2 -Neural signals are removed from cells dependent on them for normal functioning -Nutritional deprivation and process of aging decrease cell size as well as organ size Ex. Spinal Muscular Atrophy – resulting from a disease caused by impaired neural innervation to muscle tissue 11. Why is menopause considered an example for atrophy? It is the loss of hormone secretions of estrogen and progesterone associated with the ovarian cycles (organs), this decreases the cell size of the reproductive organs. 12. What would happen if cells did not have the ability to adapt to a stressor? See questions above or below. 13. How does lack of oxygen (ischemia) contribute to atrophy? Lack of oxygen deprives the cell of carrying essential nutrients to the rest of the body and accumulates wastes produces (Co2, free radicals), causing the cell to shrink in size. 14. How does hyperplasia differ from hypertrophy? What would cause a cell to undergo these adaptations? Hyperplasia= increase in the number of cells; also, can be caused by hormone signaling and increase in workload ex. Period, uterus increases in cells when building up endometrial wall before period Hypertrophy= increase in the cell size; react in this way from the increase in in trophic or growth signals ex. Increased breast cells during pregnancy so they can hold/ deliver breast milk 15. Why can cardiac muscle when faced with increased workload only adapt by hypertrophy? Right Ventricle= because of increased pressure in the systemic circulation from hypertension Left Ventricle= in systemic hypertension, heart may be forced to pump harder because of an increase in outflow pressure from a stiff aortic valve or increased pressure in the aorta - Main pump of the heart; impaired pumping leads to decreased arterial output from the heart and congestion or backflow of blood into the left atrium and the pulmonary circulation 16. Describe metaplasia. Is this condition reversible? Metaplasia= changing of one cell type to another, when the stressor is removed cells often return to their normal state. Ex. Smoking; columnar cells turn into squamous cells in the cells attempt to survive the exposure of the toxins 17. Describe dysplasia and how this leads to mutations Dysplasia= refers to the actual change in cell size, shape, uniformity, arrangement and structure, caused by abnormal differentiation of dividing cells and is considered a problem in regulating cell growth, this causes mutations to develop in the DNA when cells reproduce because of how the cells are divide and proliferate 18. Why is the cervix an area at risk for metaplasia and dysplasia adaptations? What virus is responsible for these changes? Metaplasia= cellular response of changing from one type to another in the face of an environmental stressor, changes are not pathologic the squamous epithelial cell component of the transformation zone is vulnerable to stressors. - They can be damaged by chronic infection, irritation, and trauma Dysplasia= characterized by an abnormal growth and a disordered process of differentiation - Sloughed off the cervical surface prematurely and are often immature - Transformation zone represents the most likely site for the cellular response of dysplasia - HPV is common factor on the development of cervical dysplasia 19. Define proliferation and differentiation. What is the risk when this process no longer follows the normal controls and signals by the body? Proliferation= rapid reproduction of cells, which leads to hyperplasia. - When the cells do not follow the normal control, it can start over producing cells and crowding them, making neoplasms Differentiation= changes in physical and functional properties of cells to allow greater specificity and functionality to that cell - The loss of differentiation rendering the cell incapable of carrying out designated function and does not die when expected 20. How does carcinogenesis begin? Mutations, gene variants and epigenetics are heavily impacted in carcinogenesis, which is the origin and development of cancerous neoplasms.