NR 507 Midterm

Allergic contact dermatitis is an example of - answerType 4 hypersensitivity reaction Which of the following are considered the "first responders" of the innate immune system? (Appear first in any immune response) - answerNeutrophils Hives (Urticaria) are an example of a - answerType 1 hypersensitivity reaction Type 2 (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by: - answerIgG or IgM Anaphylaxis is a - answerType 1 hypersensitivity reaction Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by - answerIgE and mast cells Example of Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction - answerHay fever Most dangerous form of Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction - answerAnaphylactic reaction systemic response causing hypotension and severe bronchoconstriction Local symptoms of Type 1 hypersensitivity - answerItching, rash Systemic symptoms of Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction - answerWheezing Main treatment of anaphylaxis - answerEpinephrine Example of Type 2 hypersensitivity reaction - answerABO incompatibility Graves Disease (hyperthyroidism) Primary effector cells involved in Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions - answerMacrophages Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions - answer-Tissue specific -Can cause tissue damage or alter function Type 4 hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by - answerCaused by cytotoxic T cells attacking tissue directly (no antibody) Which of the following is the underlying pathology for hay fever? - answerMast cell degranulation Damage occurs with ABO incompatibility because - answerComplement damages RBC membrane causing RBC lysis Which of the following assessment findings would be expected in a patient who presents with urticaria? - answerEosinophilia Example of Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction - answerContact dermatitis (poison ivy, metal allergy) Type 3 hypersensitivity reactions - answer- Are NOT organ specific - antigen-antibody complex deposited in tissues Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction examples - answerRheumatoid Arthritis Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) Scope of Damage of SLE - answer- Facial rash confined to the cheeks (malar rash) - Discoid rash (raised patches, scaling) - photosensitivity (development of skin rash as a results of sunlight exposure) - oral or nasopharyngeal ulcers - hematologic disorders (hemolytic anemia, leukopenia, lymphopenia, or thrombocytopenia) - immunologic disorders (antibodies against double-stranded DNA or Smith antigen, false positive serologic tests for syphilis, or antiphospholipid antibodies) - Non-erosive arthritis of at least 2 peripheral joints - Serositis (pleurisy, pericarditis) - renal disorder (persistent proteinuria of 0.5 g/day or 3 g/day on dipstick of cellular casts) - neurological disorders (seizures, psychosis) - presence of antinuclear antibody (ANA) Autoimmune diseases can be - answerFamilial although not all develop the same disease, but several members may have different disorders characterized by a variety of hypersensitivity reactions Associations with particular autoimmune diseases have been identified for a variety of - answerMajor histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles or non-MHC genes Alloimmunity - answerGeneral term used to describe when an individuals immune system reactions against antigens on the tissues of other members of the same species Examples of alloimmunity - answer- Neonatal disease where the maternal immune system becomes sensitized against antigens expressed by the fetus - transplant rejection - transfusion reaction A rash in Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction - answerImmediate reaction, termed atopic dermatitis, usually characterized by widely distributed lesions A rash in Type 4 hypersensitivity reaction - answerContact dermatitis (delayed hypersensitivity) consists of lesions only at the site of contact with the allergen Best choice of treatment for Type 4 rash - answerTopical corticosteroids An example of primary immunodeficiency is: - answerChronic granulomatous disease Is a predominant cause of secondary immune deficiencies worldwide - answerMalnutrition Which of the following is an autoimmune disease? - answerSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) Primary immunodeficiencies - answerAre the result of a single gene defect Example of primary immunodeficiency - answer- chronic granulomatous disease of childhood - DiGeorge syndrome - Familial Mediterranean fever - job syndrome - common variable immunodeficiency Example of secondary immunodeficiency - answer- Human Immunodeficiency Virus - pneumocystis carinii - pneumonia - sinus infection - lung cancer Pneumocystis Carinii is an example of - answerA secondary immune disease Best describes a primary immunodeficiency - answerAre less common and occur due to a defect on the development of the immune system Most severe form of primary immunodeficiency - answerB-lymphocyte deficiency The major immune system change associated with Sjögren's syndrome is: - answerAutoantibodies and auto-reactive T-cells against apoptotic cells What can depress a persons normal immune system - answerStress A renal disease most often associated with autoimmunity is: - answerGlomerulonephritis Is positive in 90% of patients diagnosed with SLE? - answerThe antinuclear antibody (ANA) Does not automatically indicate the development of a full autoimmune disease - answerLow number of antibodies The following immune components can be involved in autoimmune diseases: - answerT-cells, B-cells, and autoantibodies Which of the following assessment findings would support a diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis? - answerSwollen metacarpophalangeal joints Which of the following microcytic anemias is characterized by hyperchromic RBCs? - answerhereditary spherocytosis Clinical characteristic of anemia - answerPallor Fatigue Dyspnea Which of the following indices measures the average size of red blood cells? - answerMean corpuscular volume (MCV) Which of the following is considered a microcytic anemia? - answerIron deficiency anemia The terms normocytic, microcytic, and macrocytic characterizes red blood cells by their - answerSize Symptoms of decreased tissue oxygenation - answerWeakness Dizziness Dyspnea Which of the following is a type of macrocytic anemia? - answerVitamin B 12 deficiency treatment of iron deficiency anemia - answeriron supplements Which of the following anemias can be categorized as microcytic-hypochromic - answerSideroblastic anemia Anemia of inflammation and chronic disease Iron deficiency anemia Which of the following would indicate that the patients iron stores are depleted? - answerFerritin level Which of the following could result in iron deficiency anemia? - answerExcessive bleeding iron deficiency anemia - answermicrocytic, hypochromic Anemia of inflammation and chronic disease - answerMicrocytic, normochromic Sideroblastic anemia - answermicrocytic, hypochromic Hereditary spherocytosis - answerMicrocytic, hyperchromic Thalassemia - answermicrocytic, hypochromic iron deficiency anemia - answerInsufficient iron levels or the inability of the cell's mitochondria to utilize iron effectively iron rich foods - answerSpinach, Lima beans, meat A transferrin deficiency will most likely result in: - answerIron deficiency anemia One of the most common precipitating factors of folate deficiency is - answerAlcohol abuse Non-megaloblastic anemia would be caused by - answerliver disease Folic acid is essential to the body because it: - answerPlays a major role in the maturing of RBCs. Loss of vibratory sense in a patient with Vitamin B-12 deficiency is due to which of the following pathophysiological changes: - answerPosterior and lateral column spinal cord changes due to nerve demyelination Lab values that are normal in pernicious anemia - answerMCHC Which of the following lab values will be low in a patient with folate deficiency? -