UT TYLER FNP NURS 5350 ADVANCED EXAM QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT ANSWERS| ACCURATE REAL EXAM WITH
FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND
RATIONALE|ALREADY A GRADED|GUARANTEED
PASS|LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025.
Arousal - CORRECT ANSWER Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures,
sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Function of Cortisol - CORRECT ANSWER Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
Endocrine Communication - CORRECT ANSWER Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling
Neurocrine Communication - CORRECT ANSWER Neurons firing information through
synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
Paracrine Communcation - CORRECT ANSWER Signaling through the extraceullar fluid
between cells in a tissue
Localized areas of communication
Autocrine Communcation - CORRECT ANSWER Localized signaling in which the secreting
cell is also the target cell
Feedback to self
Describe an Action Potential - CORRECT ANSWER Rapid, self-propagating electrical
excitations of the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in
response to voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent sections of
membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium channels
open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and potassium ions move out.
,Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential
*Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)*
Describe a Resting Action Potential - CORRECT ANSWER Electrical charge when there is no
net ion movement across plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
Take Home Message About Action Potentials - CORRECT ANSWER Resting Membrane
Potential Dominated by K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+
In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
Depolarization - CORRECT ANSWER As the sodium rushes back into the cell the positive
sodium ions raise the charge inside the cell from negative to positive. Once the interior of the cell
becomes positively charged, depolarization of the cell is complete.
This triggers the action potential
Repolarization - CORRECT ANSWER Sodium inflow is stopped and potassium efflux
increases
In cardiac muscles repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
Hyperkalemia on Resting Membrane Potential - CORRECT ANSWER Depolarizes the cell
Makes the membrane more negative
Hypokalemia on Resting Membrane Potential - CORRECT ANSWER Hyperpolarizes the cell
Makes the membrane less negative (more positive)
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER Increase in functional capacity related to an increase in cell
number due to mitotic division
-Usually in response to increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation
-Other causes: persistent cell injury, chronic irritation of epithelial cells
-Usually result from increased functional demand
Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER Increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented
functional capacity in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic demands
-General cause:increased cellular protein content
-Usually result from increased functional demand
,Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER Disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal
variations in size, shape, and arrangement
-Represents an adaptive effort gone astray
-Significant potential to transform into cancerous cells (preneoplastic lesions)
-Result from a persistant injury
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
-Common cause: adaptation to persistent injury, with replacement of a cell type that is better
suited to tolerate injurious stimulation
-Fully reversible when injurious stimulation is removed
-Result from persistent injury
Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER Usually occurs as a consequence of ischemia or toxic injury
Necrosis occurs when the injury is too severe or prolonged to allow adaptation
-Usually from a disruption in blood supply
Local and systemic indicators of cell death
-Pain
-Elevated serum enzyme levels
-Inflammation (fever, increased WBC, malaise)
-Loss of function
Coagulation Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER Most common type of necrosis
Process that begins with ischemia
Ends with degradation of plasma membrane
Caused by ischemia/infarction
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER Cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in
response to normal and injurious factors
-General causes: disuse, denervation, ischemia, interruption of endocrine signals, persistent cell
injury
-Results from decreased functional demand or chronic ischemia
Results from decreased functional demand or chronic ischemia
Proliferation - CORRECT ANSWER A rapid and often excessive spread or increase
Cell Differentiation - CORRECT ANSWER How generic embryonic cells become specialized
cells. This occurs through a process called gene expression. Gene expression is the specific
combination of genes that are turned on or off (expressed or repressed), and this is what dictates
how a cell functions.
Endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER The process of capturing a substance or particle from
outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane.
The membrane folds over the substance and it becomes completely enclosed by the membrane.
, At this point a membrane-bound sac, or vesicle, pinches off and moves the substance into the
cytosol.
There are two main kinds of endocytosis:
(1) Phagocytosis, or cellular eating, occurs when the dissolved materials enter the cell. The
plasma membrane engulfs the solid material, forming a phagocytic vesicle.
(2) Pinocytosis, or cellular drinking, occurs when the plasma membrane folds inward to form a
channel allowing dissolved substances to enter the cell
Exocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER The process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane
and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell
Exocytosis occurs when a cell produces substances for export, such as a protein, or when the cell
is getting rid of a waste product or a toxin.
Newly made membrane proteins and membrane lipids are moved on top the plasma membrane
by exocytosis.
Mitosis - CORRECT ANSWER A type of cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to
produce two new cells (the daughters) that are genetically identical to itself. In the context of the
cell cycle, mitosis is the part of the division process in which the DNA of the cell's nucleus is
split into two equal sets of chromosomes.
*
Gene - CORRECT ANSWER Invisible, information-containing elements that exist in cells and
are passed on to daughter cells when cells divide
What do genes do? - CORRECT ANSWER Contains approximately 25,000 genes encoded by
only four different deoxyribonucleotides
What is the primary role of genes? - CORRECT ANSWER Directs synthesis of a protein
Chromosomal Disorders - CORRECT ANSWER Usually due to breakage and loss or
rearrangement of chromosome pieces during meiosis or mitosis
Meiosis
Crossing over errors: chromosome portions lost, attached upside-down, or attached to wrong
chromosome
Mitosis
Opportunities for chromosomal breakage & rearrangement
Generally due to an abnormal number of chromosomes and/or alterations to the structure of one
or more chromosomes
Usually a result of separation during meiosis
Monosomy - CORRECT ANSWER Daughter cell with a deficiency of 1 chromosome
Usually not compatible with life
AND CORRECT ANSWERS| ACCURATE REAL EXAM WITH
FREQUENTLY TESTED QUESTIONS AND
RATIONALE|ALREADY A GRADED|GUARANTEED
PASS|LATEST UPDATE 2024/2025.
Arousal - CORRECT ANSWER Includes alterations in responsiveness to homeostatic pressures,
sensory stimuli and emotional reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Function of Cortisol - CORRECT ANSWER Primary glucocorticoid
Affects protein metabolism
Promotes appetite and food-seeking behaviors
Has anti-inflammatory effects
Chemical mediator in the inflammation response of the body
Adrenal corticosteroid critical to maintenance of homeostasis
May synergize or antagonize effects of catecholamines
Endocrine Communication - CORRECT ANSWER Hormones traveling in the bloodstream
Long range signaling
Neurocrine Communication - CORRECT ANSWER Neurons firing information through
synapses
Signals travel a very small distance between neuron and target cell
Paracrine Communcation - CORRECT ANSWER Signaling through the extraceullar fluid
between cells in a tissue
Localized areas of communication
Autocrine Communcation - CORRECT ANSWER Localized signaling in which the secreting
cell is also the target cell
Feedback to self
Describe an Action Potential - CORRECT ANSWER Rapid, self-propagating electrical
excitations of the membrane
Mediated by voltage-gated ion channels that open (sodium flows into the cell) and close in
response to voltage changes across the membrane
Triggered by membrane depolarization
Propagated by sequential opening of voltage-gated sodium channels in adjacent sections of
membrane.
The action potential is regenerated in adjacent sections of membrane as more sodium channels
open. The initial segment repolarizes as sodium channels close and potassium ions move out.
,Cardiac muscles: repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
*Na+* initiates the action potential
*Only cells with voltage-gated channels have action potentials (not nerve cells)*
Describe a Resting Action Potential - CORRECT ANSWER Electrical charge when there is no
net ion movement across plasma membrane
Major determinant: Ratio of Internal-to-External [K+]
This is dominated by potassium (K+)
Take Home Message About Action Potentials - CORRECT ANSWER Resting Membrane
Potential Dominated by K+
Upstroke of Action Potential --> Na+
Repolarization --> K+
In cardiac tissue, plateau --> Ca++
Depolarization - CORRECT ANSWER As the sodium rushes back into the cell the positive
sodium ions raise the charge inside the cell from negative to positive. Once the interior of the cell
becomes positively charged, depolarization of the cell is complete.
This triggers the action potential
Repolarization - CORRECT ANSWER Sodium inflow is stopped and potassium efflux
increases
In cardiac muscles repolarization is prolonged from calcium influx
Hyperkalemia on Resting Membrane Potential - CORRECT ANSWER Depolarizes the cell
Makes the membrane more negative
Hypokalemia on Resting Membrane Potential - CORRECT ANSWER Hyperpolarizes the cell
Makes the membrane less negative (more positive)
Hyperplasia - CORRECT ANSWER Increase in functional capacity related to an increase in cell
number due to mitotic division
-Usually in response to increased physiologic demands or hormonal stimulation
-Other causes: persistent cell injury, chronic irritation of epithelial cells
-Usually result from increased functional demand
Hypertrophy - CORRECT ANSWER Increase in cell mass accompanied by an augmented
functional capacity in response to physiologic and pathophysiologic demands
-General cause:increased cellular protein content
-Usually result from increased functional demand
,Dysplasia - CORRECT ANSWER Disorganized appearance of cells because of abnormal
variations in size, shape, and arrangement
-Represents an adaptive effort gone astray
-Significant potential to transform into cancerous cells (preneoplastic lesions)
-Result from a persistant injury
Metaplasia - CORRECT ANSWER Replacement of one differentiated cell type with another
-Common cause: adaptation to persistent injury, with replacement of a cell type that is better
suited to tolerate injurious stimulation
-Fully reversible when injurious stimulation is removed
-Result from persistent injury
Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER Usually occurs as a consequence of ischemia or toxic injury
Necrosis occurs when the injury is too severe or prolonged to allow adaptation
-Usually from a disruption in blood supply
Local and systemic indicators of cell death
-Pain
-Elevated serum enzyme levels
-Inflammation (fever, increased WBC, malaise)
-Loss of function
Coagulation Necrosis - CORRECT ANSWER Most common type of necrosis
Process that begins with ischemia
Ends with degradation of plasma membrane
Caused by ischemia/infarction
Atrophy - CORRECT ANSWER Cells shrink and reduce their differentiated functions in
response to normal and injurious factors
-General causes: disuse, denervation, ischemia, interruption of endocrine signals, persistent cell
injury
-Results from decreased functional demand or chronic ischemia
Results from decreased functional demand or chronic ischemia
Proliferation - CORRECT ANSWER A rapid and often excessive spread or increase
Cell Differentiation - CORRECT ANSWER How generic embryonic cells become specialized
cells. This occurs through a process called gene expression. Gene expression is the specific
combination of genes that are turned on or off (expressed or repressed), and this is what dictates
how a cell functions.
Endocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER The process of capturing a substance or particle from
outside the cell by engulfing it with the cell membrane.
The membrane folds over the substance and it becomes completely enclosed by the membrane.
, At this point a membrane-bound sac, or vesicle, pinches off and moves the substance into the
cytosol.
There are two main kinds of endocytosis:
(1) Phagocytosis, or cellular eating, occurs when the dissolved materials enter the cell. The
plasma membrane engulfs the solid material, forming a phagocytic vesicle.
(2) Pinocytosis, or cellular drinking, occurs when the plasma membrane folds inward to form a
channel allowing dissolved substances to enter the cell
Exocytosis - CORRECT ANSWER The process of vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane
and releasing their contents to the outside of the cell
Exocytosis occurs when a cell produces substances for export, such as a protein, or when the cell
is getting rid of a waste product or a toxin.
Newly made membrane proteins and membrane lipids are moved on top the plasma membrane
by exocytosis.
Mitosis - CORRECT ANSWER A type of cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to
produce two new cells (the daughters) that are genetically identical to itself. In the context of the
cell cycle, mitosis is the part of the division process in which the DNA of the cell's nucleus is
split into two equal sets of chromosomes.
*
Gene - CORRECT ANSWER Invisible, information-containing elements that exist in cells and
are passed on to daughter cells when cells divide
What do genes do? - CORRECT ANSWER Contains approximately 25,000 genes encoded by
only four different deoxyribonucleotides
What is the primary role of genes? - CORRECT ANSWER Directs synthesis of a protein
Chromosomal Disorders - CORRECT ANSWER Usually due to breakage and loss or
rearrangement of chromosome pieces during meiosis or mitosis
Meiosis
Crossing over errors: chromosome portions lost, attached upside-down, or attached to wrong
chromosome
Mitosis
Opportunities for chromosomal breakage & rearrangement
Generally due to an abnormal number of chromosomes and/or alterations to the structure of one
or more chromosomes
Usually a result of separation during meiosis
Monosomy - CORRECT ANSWER Daughter cell with a deficiency of 1 chromosome
Usually not compatible with life
