©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
PHS3300 NEURO FINAL Exam Study
Guide.
Autonomic nervous system - answer✔maintains homeostasis in the body
somatic nervous system - answer✔controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
brain is composed of: - answer✔brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum and cerebrum
Brainstem - answer✔medulla, pons, and midbrain
Diencephalon - answer✔Thalamus and hypothalamus
Cerebrum - answer✔basal ganglia and cerebral cortex
Cerebrospinal fluid function - answer✔provides cushion for brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid contains - answer✔electrolytes, glucose and protein concentrations
The cerebrospinal fluid flows through - answer✔ventricles into subarachnoid space
Why is an increase of fluids in the brain (CSF & blood) bad? - answer✔The fluids are not
compressible and the additional mass increases pressure in the brain
Increased intracranial pressure can lead to - answer✔brain hemorrhage, trauma, cerebral
edema, infection, tumors, abnormal circulation of CSF
Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure include - answer✔- decreasing level of
consciousness and responsiveness
- decreased pupillary responses
- severe headache
-vomiting
- papilledema (edema of eye fundus: blurred/ loss of vision)
1|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
Why does increased intracranial pressure cause headaches? - answer✔The pressure causes
stretching of dura and walls of large blood vessels
Why does increased intracranial pressure cause vomiting? - answer✔The pressure stimulates
the emetic centers in the medulla
Why does increased intracranial pressure cause papilledema? - answer✔The increased pressure
causes the optic disc to swell
Increased ICP can lead to to development of - answer✔cerebral ischemia
Increased ICP systemic vasoconstriction with - answer✔increase of systemic blood pressure to
provide more blood to the brain to relieve ischemia
Increased ICP causes baroreceptor response due to - answer✔increased blood pressure by
slowing heart rate
Increased ICP causes chemoreceptor responses to - answer✔respond to low CO2 levels by
reducing respiratory rate
ICP continues to rise therefore: - answer✔blood pressure rises
Pressure of CSF is elevated when - answer✔ICP is increased
ICP produces specimen by - answer✔lumbar puncture
Pink CSF is an indicator of a - answer✔hemorrhage
pink colour is due to erythrocytes
Yellow CSF indicates an - answer✔infection
yellow colour is due to white blood cells
Abnormal protein levels in CSF indicates a - answer✔neoplasm
(abnormal growth of tissue)
What is the appearance of normal CSF - answer✔clear and colorless
What is the normal pressure of CSF? - answer✔9-14 mmHg or 150mm H2O
What is the normal quantity of RBCs and WBCs found in CSF? - answer✔RBCS - none/ absent
2|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
WBCS - occasional
What is the pH of CSF? - answer✔7.32-7.35
Herniation - answer✔movement of brain tissue from one intracranial compartment to another
Herniations result in - answer✔increased pressure which affects flow of blood and CSF
Types of herniations: - answer✔-Transtentorial
-Uncal
-Infratentorial
Space occupying lesions (SOL) are a problem because - answer✔the CNS is contained with a
rigid protective space which does not expand
Increased ICP compresses - answer✔tissues
Which tissue is the most vulnerable to increased intracranial pressure? - answer✔capillaries
which get blocked and then no longer supply the neurons nutrients and oxygen
ICP displaces brain tissues causing it to - answer✔herniate or get squeezed
Causes of SOL: - answer✔intracranial hemorrhage, increased CSF, edema, intracranial abscess
and tumors
unequal pupil sizes indicate SOL because - answer✔unequal compression of the neurons
involved int he pupillary light reflex.
Tumors increase - answer✔ICP
The most common type of tumors - answer✔astrocytoma (graded from type I to type IV)
Which types of tumors are common in young children? - answer✔brainstem and cerebellar
Glioma form the largest category of - answer✔primary malignant tumors
Which tumors is common in adults? - answer✔Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma forms in - answer✔cerebral white matter
Glioblastoma is infiltrative meaning - answer✔it invades into normal brain tissues and it's
difficult for surgical resection
3|Page
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
PHS3300 NEURO FINAL Exam Study
Guide.
Autonomic nervous system - answer✔maintains homeostasis in the body
somatic nervous system - answer✔controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
brain is composed of: - answer✔brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum and cerebrum
Brainstem - answer✔medulla, pons, and midbrain
Diencephalon - answer✔Thalamus and hypothalamus
Cerebrum - answer✔basal ganglia and cerebral cortex
Cerebrospinal fluid function - answer✔provides cushion for brain and spinal cord
Cerebrospinal fluid contains - answer✔electrolytes, glucose and protein concentrations
The cerebrospinal fluid flows through - answer✔ventricles into subarachnoid space
Why is an increase of fluids in the brain (CSF & blood) bad? - answer✔The fluids are not
compressible and the additional mass increases pressure in the brain
Increased intracranial pressure can lead to - answer✔brain hemorrhage, trauma, cerebral
edema, infection, tumors, abnormal circulation of CSF
Symptoms of increased intracranial pressure include - answer✔- decreasing level of
consciousness and responsiveness
- decreased pupillary responses
- severe headache
-vomiting
- papilledema (edema of eye fundus: blurred/ loss of vision)
1|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
Why does increased intracranial pressure cause headaches? - answer✔The pressure causes
stretching of dura and walls of large blood vessels
Why does increased intracranial pressure cause vomiting? - answer✔The pressure stimulates
the emetic centers in the medulla
Why does increased intracranial pressure cause papilledema? - answer✔The increased pressure
causes the optic disc to swell
Increased ICP can lead to to development of - answer✔cerebral ischemia
Increased ICP systemic vasoconstriction with - answer✔increase of systemic blood pressure to
provide more blood to the brain to relieve ischemia
Increased ICP causes baroreceptor response due to - answer✔increased blood pressure by
slowing heart rate
Increased ICP causes chemoreceptor responses to - answer✔respond to low CO2 levels by
reducing respiratory rate
ICP continues to rise therefore: - answer✔blood pressure rises
Pressure of CSF is elevated when - answer✔ICP is increased
ICP produces specimen by - answer✔lumbar puncture
Pink CSF is an indicator of a - answer✔hemorrhage
pink colour is due to erythrocytes
Yellow CSF indicates an - answer✔infection
yellow colour is due to white blood cells
Abnormal protein levels in CSF indicates a - answer✔neoplasm
(abnormal growth of tissue)
What is the appearance of normal CSF - answer✔clear and colorless
What is the normal pressure of CSF? - answer✔9-14 mmHg or 150mm H2O
What is the normal quantity of RBCs and WBCs found in CSF? - answer✔RBCS - none/ absent
2|Page
, ©BRIGHTSTARS EXAM SOLUTIONS
11/16/2024 10:16 AM
WBCS - occasional
What is the pH of CSF? - answer✔7.32-7.35
Herniation - answer✔movement of brain tissue from one intracranial compartment to another
Herniations result in - answer✔increased pressure which affects flow of blood and CSF
Types of herniations: - answer✔-Transtentorial
-Uncal
-Infratentorial
Space occupying lesions (SOL) are a problem because - answer✔the CNS is contained with a
rigid protective space which does not expand
Increased ICP compresses - answer✔tissues
Which tissue is the most vulnerable to increased intracranial pressure? - answer✔capillaries
which get blocked and then no longer supply the neurons nutrients and oxygen
ICP displaces brain tissues causing it to - answer✔herniate or get squeezed
Causes of SOL: - answer✔intracranial hemorrhage, increased CSF, edema, intracranial abscess
and tumors
unequal pupil sizes indicate SOL because - answer✔unequal compression of the neurons
involved int he pupillary light reflex.
Tumors increase - answer✔ICP
The most common type of tumors - answer✔astrocytoma (graded from type I to type IV)
Which types of tumors are common in young children? - answer✔brainstem and cerebellar
Glioma form the largest category of - answer✔primary malignant tumors
Which tumors is common in adults? - answer✔Glioblastoma
Glioblastoma forms in - answer✔cerebral white matter
Glioblastoma is infiltrative meaning - answer✔it invades into normal brain tissues and it's
difficult for surgical resection
3|Page
