HSC 404 Exam 2 (Ch 6-8) | Questions with 100% Correct Answers

HSC 404 Exam 2 (Ch 6-8) | Questions with 100% Correct Answers Choose the incorrect answer regarding ecologic studies: A. An ecologic study is one that examines a group as a unit of analysis B. An ecologic comparison study is sometimes called a cross-sectional ecologic study C. The level of exposure for each individual in the unit being studied is well known D. The ecologic fallacy occurs when incorrect inferences about the individual are made from group level data Ecologic Studies: A. are expensive and require a great deal of time to conduct B. are a good approach for generating hypothesis C. provide accurate measurements of exposure D. yield results that can be applied directly to individuals Cross-sectional studies are: A. Also termed prevalence studies B. Exposure and disease measures obtained at the individual level C. Single period of observation D. Exposure and disease histories are collected simultaneously E. All of the above Which of the following conditions is not necessary in order to use the odds ratio to estimate the relative? A. With respect to exposure, controls are representative of the population to which you want to generalize your results B. The event (disease) under study is rare in the population C. The exposure in question is rare in the population D. Cases are representative of all cases Cohort study is to risk ratio as: A. Ecologic Fallacy is to cross-sectional study B. Genetics is to environment C. case-control is to odds ratio D. A and C Practical considerations in the design of cohort studies do not usually include: A. availability of exposure data B. size and cost of the cohort C. follow-up issues D. scientific justification E. age of the investigator A major advantage of cohort studies over case-control studies with respect to the role of a suspected factor in the etiology of a disease is that: A. they take less time and are less costly B. the can utilize a more representative population C. it is easier to obtain controls that are not exposed to the suspected factor D. they permit direct estimation of risk of disease in those exposed to the suspected factor E. they can be done on a double-blind basis Subjects for an exposure-based cohort study would be selected most appropriately from: A. certain occupational groups such as battery workers B. the residents of a large U. S. County C. A and B D. All of the above Nested case-control studies: A. use subjects drawn from a cohort study B. provide a degree of control over confounding C. reduce the cost of collecting exposure information D. all of the above An example of passive follow-up in cohort studies is: A. collection and maintenance of data by the federal government B. telephone calls to study participants C. Use of follow-up mailings D. use of written invitations to return to the study site A prophylactic trial is designed to: A. Compare rates of disease, death, and recovery in a population B. Measure how well drugs produce improvement C. Evaluate the effectiveness of a substance used to prevent disease D. Estimate the impact of exposure on the incidence of disease Which types of health issues are likely to be addressed in community trials? A. Smoking cessation B. HIV/AIDS C. Healthy Eating D. All of the above The purpose of double-blinding in clinical trials is to: A. Reduce error that results from the way in which the outcome is assessed B. Reduce error that results from subjects' knowledge of their assignment to study conditions C. Reduce error that results from non-random assignment to study conditions D. A & B E. None of the above The purpose of randomization is to: A. Reduce error that results from the way in which the outcome is assessed B. Reduce error that results from subjects' participation in the trial C. Reduce error that results from assignment to study conditions D. A & C only Controlled clinical trials enable researchers to: A. Derive knowledge about the origins of a disease B. Exercise control over who will receive an exposure C. More accurately identify cause and effect associations D. All of the above Arm any of the treatment groups in a randomized trial Toxicity None of the above Protocol A study plan on which all clinical trials are based Informed consent The process of learning the key facts about a clinical trial before deciding whether or not to participate Efficacy The maximum ability of a drug or treatment to produce results, regardless of dosage