PSB Exam 2 Questions with 100%
Correct Answers 2024/2025
produced from outside the body so it rules out chemical messengers produced by the body such as NTs,
Nueromodulators, or hormones - ANSWERSexogenous
what is pharmocokinetics? - ANSWERSthe steps by which drugs are
1.) absorbed
2.) distributed within the body
3.) metabolized
4.) excreted
drugs are metabolized by what? - ANSWERSenzymes (often located in the liver)
injecting a drug directly into the _________ allows it to work quickly in low doses as there are no
barriers - ANSWERSbrain
what is the safest/ easiest method of ingesting drugs? - ANSWERSorally
Drugs that are weak acids pass from the ________ into the bloodstream - ANSWERSstomach
Drugs that are weak bases pass from the __________ to the bloodstream - ANSWERSintestines
what is the order of fastest working methods of drugs from most to least fast? - ANSWERSbrain injection,
bloodstream, inhalation, muscle injection,
Intraperitoneal (IP) Injection: - ANSWERSrapid but not as rapid as an IV injection
Drug is injected through the abdominal wall into the peritoneal cavity (space that surrounds the
stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs)
,Used to administer drugs to small lab animals
Intramuscular injection (IM) - ANSWERSmade directly into a large muscle, such as those found in the
upper arm, thigh, or buttocks
Drug is absorbed into the bloodstream through the capillaries that supply the muscle
Subcutaneous injection (SC - ANSWERSInjection of a substance into the space beneath the skin
Sublingual administration - ANSWERSplacing beneath the tongue; drug is absorbed into the bloodstream
by the capillaries that supply the mucous membrane that lines the mouth; pro: .faster onset and less risk
of stomach irritation
snorting is different than inhalation, as when powdered drugs are sniffed, they enter circulation through
the ______________ of the nasal passages, not the lungs. - ANSWERSmucous membrane
The most important factor that determines the rate at which a drug reaches sites of action within the
brain is _____________ - ANSWERSlipid solubility
what is lipid solubility? - ANSWERSthe ability of fat-based molecules to pass through cell membranes
a graph of the magnitude of an effects of a drug as a function of the amount of drug administered -
ANSWERSdose - response curve
Peak concentration of a drug is balanced by ___________ and ___________ - ANSWERSabsorption and
metabolism
at this point higher doses of the drug does not produce any more effect - ANSWERSpoint of maximum
effect
a drug with high _______ will produce effects at a low concentration. The most desirable drug has a high
______ for sites of action that produce therapeutic effects and a low ______ fro sites of action that
produce toxic effects (ALL SAME WORD) - ANSWERSAffinity
, opiates produce ___________ (a reduced sensitivity to pain) - ANSWERSanalgesia
opiates depress activity of neurons in the _____________ - ANSWERSmedulla
an increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly - ANSWERSsensitization
drugs that affect synaptic transmission are classified into two general categories ____________ and
____________ - ANSWERSantagonists and agonists
____________ are filled with neurotransmitter by vesicle transporter molecules located in the
membrane of synaptic vesicles. Vesicle transporters pump molecules of the neurotransmitter across the
vesicle membrane, filling the vesicles. It's important to notice that the vesicle transporters are different
from the transporters found on the terminal membrane. - ANSWERSvesicles
binding of a molecule with one of the alternative sites; molecule does not compete w molecules of the
NT for the same binding site - ANSWERSnoncompetitive binding
if a drug attaches to one of the alternative sites and prevents the ion channel from opening -
ANSWERSindirect antagonist
if a drug attaches to one of the alt. Sites and facilitates the opening of the ion channel; ex: valium -
ANSWERSindirect agonist
NT is removed from the synapse clearing way for a new chemical message to follow w ____________
and _____________ - ANSWERSreuptake; enzymatic deactivation
most synaptic communication is accomplished by two amino acid neurotransmitters: one with
____________effects (glutamate) and one with _________ effects (gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA)
- ANSWERSexcitatory; inhibitory
___________ serve as NTs in the CNS - ANSWERSamino acids
Correct Answers 2024/2025
produced from outside the body so it rules out chemical messengers produced by the body such as NTs,
Nueromodulators, or hormones - ANSWERSexogenous
what is pharmocokinetics? - ANSWERSthe steps by which drugs are
1.) absorbed
2.) distributed within the body
3.) metabolized
4.) excreted
drugs are metabolized by what? - ANSWERSenzymes (often located in the liver)
injecting a drug directly into the _________ allows it to work quickly in low doses as there are no
barriers - ANSWERSbrain
what is the safest/ easiest method of ingesting drugs? - ANSWERSorally
Drugs that are weak acids pass from the ________ into the bloodstream - ANSWERSstomach
Drugs that are weak bases pass from the __________ to the bloodstream - ANSWERSintestines
what is the order of fastest working methods of drugs from most to least fast? - ANSWERSbrain injection,
bloodstream, inhalation, muscle injection,
Intraperitoneal (IP) Injection: - ANSWERSrapid but not as rapid as an IV injection
Drug is injected through the abdominal wall into the peritoneal cavity (space that surrounds the
stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs)
,Used to administer drugs to small lab animals
Intramuscular injection (IM) - ANSWERSmade directly into a large muscle, such as those found in the
upper arm, thigh, or buttocks
Drug is absorbed into the bloodstream through the capillaries that supply the muscle
Subcutaneous injection (SC - ANSWERSInjection of a substance into the space beneath the skin
Sublingual administration - ANSWERSplacing beneath the tongue; drug is absorbed into the bloodstream
by the capillaries that supply the mucous membrane that lines the mouth; pro: .faster onset and less risk
of stomach irritation
snorting is different than inhalation, as when powdered drugs are sniffed, they enter circulation through
the ______________ of the nasal passages, not the lungs. - ANSWERSmucous membrane
The most important factor that determines the rate at which a drug reaches sites of action within the
brain is _____________ - ANSWERSlipid solubility
what is lipid solubility? - ANSWERSthe ability of fat-based molecules to pass through cell membranes
a graph of the magnitude of an effects of a drug as a function of the amount of drug administered -
ANSWERSdose - response curve
Peak concentration of a drug is balanced by ___________ and ___________ - ANSWERSabsorption and
metabolism
at this point higher doses of the drug does not produce any more effect - ANSWERSpoint of maximum
effect
a drug with high _______ will produce effects at a low concentration. The most desirable drug has a high
______ for sites of action that produce therapeutic effects and a low ______ fro sites of action that
produce toxic effects (ALL SAME WORD) - ANSWERSAffinity
, opiates produce ___________ (a reduced sensitivity to pain) - ANSWERSanalgesia
opiates depress activity of neurons in the _____________ - ANSWERSmedulla
an increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly - ANSWERSsensitization
drugs that affect synaptic transmission are classified into two general categories ____________ and
____________ - ANSWERSantagonists and agonists
____________ are filled with neurotransmitter by vesicle transporter molecules located in the
membrane of synaptic vesicles. Vesicle transporters pump molecules of the neurotransmitter across the
vesicle membrane, filling the vesicles. It's important to notice that the vesicle transporters are different
from the transporters found on the terminal membrane. - ANSWERSvesicles
binding of a molecule with one of the alternative sites; molecule does not compete w molecules of the
NT for the same binding site - ANSWERSnoncompetitive binding
if a drug attaches to one of the alternative sites and prevents the ion channel from opening -
ANSWERSindirect antagonist
if a drug attaches to one of the alt. Sites and facilitates the opening of the ion channel; ex: valium -
ANSWERSindirect agonist
NT is removed from the synapse clearing way for a new chemical message to follow w ____________
and _____________ - ANSWERSreuptake; enzymatic deactivation
most synaptic communication is accomplished by two amino acid neurotransmitters: one with
____________effects (glutamate) and one with _________ effects (gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA)
- ANSWERSexcitatory; inhibitory
___________ serve as NTs in the CNS - ANSWERSamino acids
