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Certified Bone Densitometry Technologist Exam Questions
And 100% Correct Answers
Old Definition of Osteoporosis - Answer a reduced amount of bone that is qualitatively
normal
Modern Definition of Osteoporosis - Answer a systemic skeletal disease characterized
by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a
consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture
Newest Definition of Osteoporosis - Answer -A skeletal disorder characterized by
compromised bone strength predisposing to an increased risk of fracture. Bone
strength reflects the integration of two main features: bone density and bone quality
-osteoporosis can also be defined based on the presence or history of a low-trauma or
fragility fracture
Bone Composition - Answer -bone matrix is 90% collagen (Type-I collagen) and 10%
other proteins (osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin)
-bone mineral is hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphorous)
-bone cells are osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and phosphorous
Bone modeling and remodeling - Answer -bone growth occurs as a result of modeling:
renewal of bone substance and alteration in the size and shape of bone
-bone health is maintained by remodeling: replacement of old bone with new bone. The
bone remodeling cycle is a coordinated sequence of activation, resorption, and
formation
-bone remodeling is done by osteoclasts (cells derived from bone marrow precursors)
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that remove old bone (resorption) and osteoblasts (cells derived from mesenchymal
precursors) that produce new bone matrix, which then becomes mineralized mature
bone (formation)
Peak bone mass - Answer -the maximum bone mass or density achieved during a
lifetime. It is reached when the growth in the size of bones and accumulation of bone
mineral has stabilized (consolidation)
-different skeletal sites reach maturity at different times: trochanter: mid-teens; femoral
neck, late teens; spine, early 20s
-determinants of peak bone mass include heredity (70-80%) and lifestyle factors
(20-30%)
Changes in bone density with age - Answer -there is a dramatic increase in BMD during
adolescence
-peak bone mass is achieved in the teens or early twenties
-a plateau is maintained for a time
-age-related bone loss occurs at a rate of 0.5-1.0% per year
-bone loss accelerates with menopause (1-2% each year); this accelerated phase last
5-10 years
-age-related bone loss continues, with bone loss eventually going back down to
pre-adolescent levels
Influence of sex and race on BMD - Answer -on average, BMD is higher in men than in
women, and higher in blacks than in whites
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-the variability around the average is such that above-average white women have higher
BMD that below-average black men (large confidence intervals)
Central Skeleton - Answer -axial skeleton plus hips and shoulders
-spine, ribs, pelvis, shoulders, hips
Peripheral Skeleton - Answer -appendicular skeleton
Cortical Bone - Answer -Compact bone
-makes up the shafts of the long bones and the outer envelope of all bones
(appendicular skeleton)
-makes up about 80% of the skeleton, but is only about 20% of the surface area
-about 3% of cortical bone is renewed every year
Cancellous bone - Answer -trabecular bone
-makes up the inner parts of the bones of the axial skeleton
-cancellous bone accounts for about 20% of the skeleton, but 80% of the surface area
-about 25% of cancellous bone is renewed each year
**about 10% of the skeleton is being remodeled at any one time
Cancellous bone loss - Answer -rapid in the early menopause
-wrist fractures increase in frequency as cancellous bone loss begins
-as cancellous bone loss continues the risk of vertebral fractures increases
-cortical bone loss is more gradual, but also more persistent. The risk of hip fracture
increases as a result of the loss of both cancellous and cortical bone
Bone Mass and Bone Loss - Answer -women have lower peak bone mass than men
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-whites have lower peak bone mass than blacks
-bone loss occurs with advancing age, because resorption is greater than formation
-as bone loss occurs, there is loss of quality as well as quantity
-there are no symptoms from low bone mass or from bone loss
Prevalence - Answer -frequency of disease at specific point in time
-number with disease/risk
-often expressed as a percent, or as number per 1000 people
-Ex: 30% of women over age 50 have osteoporosis
Incidence - Answer -new cases of disease over a specific period of time
-new cases within the period of time/number at risk
-often expressed as number of cases per person-years
-Ex: the incidence of hip fractures in an elderly population is 12 per 1000 person-uears
WHO classification for postmenopausal osteoporosis - Answer -The T-score compares
an individual's BMD with the mean value for young normals, and expresses the
difference as a standard deviation score
-Low bone mass is between -1.0 and -2.5
-Osteoporosis is -2.5 and below
-Severe or established osteoporosis, -2.5 and below with fragility fractures
Rochester Osteoporosis Project: Prevalance - Answer -Definition: WHO classification
-Technique: DXA
-Skeletal Sites: PA spine, proximal femur (hip)
-Reference Population: local young normal women
-Study population: older white women in Rochester MN
-the prevalence of osteoporosis increases with age; in white women over age 50, it is
Certified Bone Densitometry Technologist Exam Questions
And 100% Correct Answers
Old Definition of Osteoporosis - Answer a reduced amount of bone that is qualitatively
normal
Modern Definition of Osteoporosis - Answer a systemic skeletal disease characterized
by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue, with a
consequent increase in bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture
Newest Definition of Osteoporosis - Answer -A skeletal disorder characterized by
compromised bone strength predisposing to an increased risk of fracture. Bone
strength reflects the integration of two main features: bone density and bone quality
-osteoporosis can also be defined based on the presence or history of a low-trauma or
fragility fracture
Bone Composition - Answer -bone matrix is 90% collagen (Type-I collagen) and 10%
other proteins (osteocalcin, osteonectin, osteopontin)
-bone mineral is hydroxyapatite (calcium and phosphorous)
-bone cells are osteoclasts, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and phosphorous
Bone modeling and remodeling - Answer -bone growth occurs as a result of modeling:
renewal of bone substance and alteration in the size and shape of bone
-bone health is maintained by remodeling: replacement of old bone with new bone. The
bone remodeling cycle is a coordinated sequence of activation, resorption, and
formation
-bone remodeling is done by osteoclasts (cells derived from bone marrow precursors)
,AGRADESTUVIA
that remove old bone (resorption) and osteoblasts (cells derived from mesenchymal
precursors) that produce new bone matrix, which then becomes mineralized mature
bone (formation)
Peak bone mass - Answer -the maximum bone mass or density achieved during a
lifetime. It is reached when the growth in the size of bones and accumulation of bone
mineral has stabilized (consolidation)
-different skeletal sites reach maturity at different times: trochanter: mid-teens; femoral
neck, late teens; spine, early 20s
-determinants of peak bone mass include heredity (70-80%) and lifestyle factors
(20-30%)
Changes in bone density with age - Answer -there is a dramatic increase in BMD during
adolescence
-peak bone mass is achieved in the teens or early twenties
-a plateau is maintained for a time
-age-related bone loss occurs at a rate of 0.5-1.0% per year
-bone loss accelerates with menopause (1-2% each year); this accelerated phase last
5-10 years
-age-related bone loss continues, with bone loss eventually going back down to
pre-adolescent levels
Influence of sex and race on BMD - Answer -on average, BMD is higher in men than in
women, and higher in blacks than in whites
,AGRADESTUVIA
-the variability around the average is such that above-average white women have higher
BMD that below-average black men (large confidence intervals)
Central Skeleton - Answer -axial skeleton plus hips and shoulders
-spine, ribs, pelvis, shoulders, hips
Peripheral Skeleton - Answer -appendicular skeleton
Cortical Bone - Answer -Compact bone
-makes up the shafts of the long bones and the outer envelope of all bones
(appendicular skeleton)
-makes up about 80% of the skeleton, but is only about 20% of the surface area
-about 3% of cortical bone is renewed every year
Cancellous bone - Answer -trabecular bone
-makes up the inner parts of the bones of the axial skeleton
-cancellous bone accounts for about 20% of the skeleton, but 80% of the surface area
-about 25% of cancellous bone is renewed each year
**about 10% of the skeleton is being remodeled at any one time
Cancellous bone loss - Answer -rapid in the early menopause
-wrist fractures increase in frequency as cancellous bone loss begins
-as cancellous bone loss continues the risk of vertebral fractures increases
-cortical bone loss is more gradual, but also more persistent. The risk of hip fracture
increases as a result of the loss of both cancellous and cortical bone
Bone Mass and Bone Loss - Answer -women have lower peak bone mass than men
, AGRADESTUVIA
-whites have lower peak bone mass than blacks
-bone loss occurs with advancing age, because resorption is greater than formation
-as bone loss occurs, there is loss of quality as well as quantity
-there are no symptoms from low bone mass or from bone loss
Prevalence - Answer -frequency of disease at specific point in time
-number with disease/risk
-often expressed as a percent, or as number per 1000 people
-Ex: 30% of women over age 50 have osteoporosis
Incidence - Answer -new cases of disease over a specific period of time
-new cases within the period of time/number at risk
-often expressed as number of cases per person-years
-Ex: the incidence of hip fractures in an elderly population is 12 per 1000 person-uears
WHO classification for postmenopausal osteoporosis - Answer -The T-score compares
an individual's BMD with the mean value for young normals, and expresses the
difference as a standard deviation score
-Low bone mass is between -1.0 and -2.5
-Osteoporosis is -2.5 and below
-Severe or established osteoporosis, -2.5 and below with fragility fractures
Rochester Osteoporosis Project: Prevalance - Answer -Definition: WHO classification
-Technique: DXA
-Skeletal Sites: PA spine, proximal femur (hip)
-Reference Population: local young normal women
-Study population: older white women in Rochester MN
-the prevalence of osteoporosis increases with age; in white women over age 50, it is
