Endocrine Physiology Comprehensive Review Exam Questions And Answers Graded A+.

List the traditional Endocrine Glands (THEY HAVE DUCTLESS GLANDULAR STRUCTURES) - correct answer -Hypothalamus -Pituitary gland -Thyroid gland -Parathyroid gland -Adrenal gland -Ovaries -Pancreas -Testes What secretes releasing hormones (GHRH, CRH, TRH, GnRH) and inhibitory hormones (somatostain, dopamine, vasopressin, oxytocin)? - correct answer Hypothalamus TSH, FSH, LH, Prolactin, Growth hormones, MSH and ACTH are all produced by which endocrine gland? - correct answer Pituitary gland T3, T4 and calcitonin are secreted by which traditional endocrine gland? - correct answer Thyroid gland What gland produces PTH? - correct answer Parathyroid gland Which traditional endocrine gland secretes cortisol, aldosterone, adrenal androgens, epinephrine and norepinephrine? - correct answer Adrenal gland Estrogen and Progesterone are secreted by what structure? - correct answer Ovaries What hormones are secreted by the pancreas? - correct answer Insulin, glucagon, somatostain Indicate what secretes testosterone? - correct answer Testes Name what are considered Endocrine Cells (NONTRADITIONAL ENDOCRINE ORGANS) - correct answer -Brain -Heart -Kidney -Adipose -Tissue -Stomach -Intestine -Liver What are the placenta and angiotensin 2 considered? - correct answer others used in the endocrine system Hormones - correct answer chemical messengers/signaling molecules that traffic information from one cell to another, typically through a soluble medium like the ECF, and exert a biologic action on on a target cell 1. Contrast the terms endocrine, paracrine, autocrine, and neurocrine based on the site of hormone release and the pathway to the target tissue. - correct answer Endocrine cell to cell communication - correct answer hormone reaches site of action via blood circulation Paracrine cell to cell communication - correct answer cytokine secreted into the interstitial fluid to act locally on target cells Autocrine cell to cell communication - correct answer cytokine secreted into interstitial fluid to act on the cell that produced it Neuro(endo)crine cell to cell communication - correct answer hormone secreted from neurons into the blood to act at a distance 2. Identify the four classes/groups of hormones. - correct answer -Protein -Catecholamines -Steroid hormones -Thyroid hormones List the some of the peptide hormones that were mentioned in class - correct answer ACTH, Calcitonin, CCK, GHRH, CRH, TRH, GnRH, Somatostain, Vasopressin, Oxytocin, Insulin, PTH, LH, TSH, Secretin, VIP, FSH, Glucagon, ANP, AVP/ADH What type of hormones are dopamine, serotoinin (5-HT), epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) considered? - correct answer Catecholamines 3. Explain the principle of negative feedback control, positive feedback control, and cyclic variations of hormone secretion. - correct answer Indicate the steroid hormones - correct answer Aldosterone, Cortisol, Estradiol, Progestrone, Testosterone, Vitamin D Negative Feedback as a regulation of hormone release - correct answer This is seen when the output of a pathway inhibits inputs to the pathway i.e. glucose absorbed Positive Feedback as a regulation of hormone release - correct answer some consequences of hormonal secretion acts on the secretory cells to provide augmented drive for secretion i.e. oxytocin Cyclic Variations as as regulation of hormone release - correct answer An important timekeeping mechanism for the body's internal clock i.e. seasonal changes, biological development, sleep/wake cycle Name the thyroid hormones - correct answer T4 and T3 4. Contrast the membrane bound and intracellular hormone receptors. - correct answer *selectivity, sensitivity, specificity TRANSMEMBRANE: catecholamines and peptide hormones are lipid insoluble with a G protein coupled receptor or tyrosine kinase INTRACELLULAR: steroid and thyroid hormones are lipid soluble with a cytoplasmic and nuclear receptor Development of the Pituitary Gland - correct answer Anterior pituitary-Pars distalis and Pars intermedia Posterior pituitary-Pars nervosa Pituitary stalk-Pars tuberalis and Infundibulum Anterior Pituitary - correct answer oral ectoderm RATHKE'S POUCH Posterior Pituitary - correct answer extension of the hypothalamus What is stored and released in the Pars nervosa? - correct answer Oxytocin and ADH Paraventricular nucleus - correct answer produces OXYTOCIN Supraoptic nucleus - correct answer produces ADH What DO NOT secrete hormones in the posterior pituitary? - correct answer Pituicytes 5. Identify the target cells for ADH/AVP; and describe the mechanism of action, functional effects, and regulation of ADH/AVP release. - correct answer ADH/AVP is a peptide lipophobic hormone that uses a transmembrane receptor when stimulated by increased blood osmolarity, is produced from the hypothalamus-posterior pituitary complex (supraorbital nucleus) ADH/AVP - I - correct answer target: DCT and collecting ducts of the kidneys with V2 receptors mechanism: aquaporin 2 apical membrane effect: increase water reabsorption (in order to lower blood osmolarity amd decrease water loss to urine) Name a disease associated with an imbalance in ADH - correct answer Diabetes Insipidus ADH/AVP - 2 - correct answer target: vascular smooth muscle mechanism: vasoconstriction effect: blood pressure/resistance Regulation of ADH/AVP Release - correct answer An increase in osmolarity and decrease in blood volume What loop regulates the hormone release of ADH/AVP? - correct answer negative feedback 6. List the target organs for oxytocin; and describe the stimuli, mechanism of action, and functional effect of oxytocin release. - correct answer Oxytocin is a peptide lipophobic hormone that uses a transmembrane receptor when stimulated by stretch ofthe cervix or suckling of lactating breast, is produced from the hypothalamus-posterior pituitary complex (paraventricular nucleus) Oxytocin - correct answer target: uterus in pregnancy, lactating breast mechanism: stretch of cervix, suckling of lactating breast effect: myoepi cell contraction ejects milk while contractions of the uterine wall What loop regulates the hormone release of oxytocin? - correct answer positive feedback How many capillary networks are found in the hypophyseal portal circulation? - correct answer 2: in order to connect hypothalamus and anterior pituitary superior hypophyseal artery -- capillary in median eminence long hypophysial portal vein-- sinusoid capillaries in the anterior pituitary What do neruons of the hypophyseal portal circulation do? - correct answer synthesizing trophic hormones release them into capillaries of the portal system Define the role of the portal vessels within the hypophyseal portal circulation - correct answer carry tropic hormones directly to the anterior pituitary State what endocrine cells of the hypophyseal portal circulation do. - correct answer release their hormones into the seco