Chapter 16: Endocrine System Actual Review Exam Questions And Correct Detailed Answers.

The endocrine system is composed of endocrine glands distributed throughout the body. The endocrine glands are: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads (ovaries and testes), and thymus. - correct answer Function - correct answer The endocrine system regulates body activities through the use of chemical messengers called hormones, which when released into the bloodstream influence metabolic activities, growth, and development (Fig. 16.1). The nervous system also regulates body activities by receiving electrical impulses that convey information about the state of the body, and then activating glandular secretions in response. Hormones secreted by the endocrine glands that make up the endocrine system go directly into the bloodstream and are transported throughout the body. They are referred to as ductless glands because they do not have ducts to carry their secretions. In contrast, the exocrine or duct glands have ducts that carry their secretions from the producing gland to other parts of the body. An example is the parotid gland, which produces saliva that flows through the parotid duct into the mouth. Only those terms related to the major endocrine glands—pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, and the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas—are presented in this chapter. The thymus primarily functions as part of the lymphatic system and was presented in Chapter 10. The male and female sex glands were also presented in previous chapters. pg 637 Endocrine Glands and Hormones pituitary gland (pi-TOO-i-tar-ē) (gland) - correct answer approximately the size of a pea and located at the base of the brain. The pituitary is divided into two lobes. It is often referred to as the master gland because it produces hormones that stimulate the function of other endocrine glands (also called hypophysis cerebri) (Fig. 16.2). anterior lobe (ān-TĒR-ē-er) (lōb - correct answer produces and secretes the following hormones (also called adenohypophysis): growth hormone (GH) (grohth) (HŌR-mōn) - correct answer regulates the growth of the body adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (a-drē-nō-kōr-ti-kō-TRŌ-pik) (HŌR-mōn) - correct answer stimulates the adrenal cortex thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (THĪ-royd) (STIM-yuh-lāt-ing) (HŌR-mōn) - correct answer stimulates the thyroid gland gonadotropic hormones (gō-na-dō-TRŌ-pik) (HŌR-mōns) - correct answer stimulate the gonads (the testes in males and ovaries in females). Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) are the gonadotropic hormones released from the adenohypophysis prolactin (PRL) (prō-LAK-tin) - correct answer promotes development of glandular tissue during pregnancy and produces milk after birth of an infant posterior lobe (po-STĒR-ē-er) (lōb) - correct answer stores and releases antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin (also called neurohypophysis) antidiuretic hormone (ADH) (an-tē-dī-ū-RET-ik) (HŌR-mōn) - correct answer stimulates the kidney to reabsorb water and constricts blood vessels to help maintain blood pressure (also called vasopressin) oxytocin (ok-sē-TŌ-sin) - correct answer stimulates uterine contractions during labor and postpartum, and milk let down by the breasts postpartum hypothalamus (hī-pō-THAL-a-mus) - correct answer located superior to the pituitary gland in the brain. The hypothalamus secretes "releasing" hormones that function to stimulate or inhibit the release of pituitary gland hormones. thyroid gland (THĪ-royd) (gland) - correct answer largest endocrine gland. It is located anteriorly in the neck below the larynx and comprises bilateral lobes connected by an isthmus (Fig. 16.3C). The thyroid gland secretes the hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), which require iodine for their production. Thyroxine is necessary for body cell metabolism. parathyroid glands (par-a-THĪ-royd) (glans - correct answer four small bodies embedded in the posterior aspect of the lobes of the thyroid gland (Fig. 16.3D). Parathyroid hormone (PTH), the hormone produced by the glands, helps maintain the level of calcium in the blood by its effects on bone and kidneys. islets of Langerhans (Ī-lets) (LAHNG-er-hahnz - correct answer clusters of endocrine tissue found throughout the pancreas, made up of different cell types that secrete various hormones, including insulin and glucagon. Non-endocrine cells found throughout the pancreas produce enzymes that facilitate digestion (Fig. 16.4). adrenal glands (a-DRĒ-nal) (glans) - correct answer paired glands, one of which is located superior to each kidney. The outer portion is called the adrenal cortex, and the inner portion is called the adrenal medulla. The following hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands cortisol (KOR-ti-sol) - correct answer secreted by the adrenal cortex. It aids the body during stress by increasing glucose levels to provide energy (also called hydrocortisone). aldosterone (al-DOS-ter-ōn) - correct answer secreted by the adrenal cortex. Electrolytes (mineral salts) that are necessary for normal body function are regulated by this hormone epinephrine, norepinephrine (ep-i-NEF-rin), (nor-ep-i-NEF-rin) - correct answer secreted by the adrenal medulla. These hormones help the body to deal with stress by increasing the blood pressure, heartbeat, and respirations. (also called adrenaline and noradrenaline, respectively) Combining Forms of the Endocrine System adren/o, adrenal/o - correct answer adrenal glands cortic/o - correct answer cortex (the outer layer of a body organ endocrin/o - correct answer endocrine parathyroid/o - correct answer parathyroid glands pituitar/o - correct answer pituitary gland thyr/o, thyroid/o - correct answer thyroid gland Combining Forms Commonly Used with Endocrine System Terms acr/o - correct answer extremities, height calc/i - correct answer calcium (Note: the combining vowel is i.) dips/o - correct answer thirst kal/i - correct answer potassium (Note: the combining vowel is i.) natr/o - correct answer sodium Combining Forms Commonly Used with Endocrine System Terms acr/o - correct answer extremities, height calc/i - correct answer calcium (Note: the combining vowel is i.) dips/o - correct answer thirst kal/i - correct answer potassium (Note: the combining vowel is i.) natr/o - correct answer sodium Disease and Disorder Terms Built From Word Parts acromegaly