PC705- Module 6 - Kidney

Nephropathy - Formation of advance ____________ end products leads to diabetic nephropathy - answerNephropathy - Formation of advance glycation end products leads to diabetic nephropathy Chronic Kidney Disease - Stages 1 to 3 are generally __________________, --- most patients are diagnosed in stage __ - End-stage renal disease (ESRD): clinical diagnosis based on necessity of either ___________or RRT (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) - answerChronic Kidney Disease - Stages 1 to 3 are generally asymptomatic, --- most patients are diagnosed in stage 3 - End-stage renal disease (ESRD): clinical diagnosis based on necessity of either transplant or RRT (hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis) Chronic Kidney Disease - Low ____________ number is a predictor of CKD risk --- No new nephrons are developed after _______ --- nephron numbers are lower in infants with _________birth and history of intrauterine growth restriction - answerChronic Kidney Disease - Low nephron number is a predictor of CKD risk --- No new nephrons are developed after birth --- nephron numbers are lower in infants with preterm birth and history of intrauterine growth restriction Chronic Kidney Disease - Loss of nephrons due to disease (diabetes, hypertension, prior kidney injury) is compensated by ____________________ of remaining nephrons - answerChronic Kidney Disease - Loss of nephrons due to disease (diabetes, hypertension, prior kidney injury) is compensated by hyperfiltration of remaining nephrons Chronic Kidney Disease - Increasing nephron _____________ can progressively cause nephrons to die - A common death pathway for nephrons is through _________________________— scarring of the glomerulus - answerChronic Kidney Disease - Increasing nephron workload can progressively cause nephrons to die - A common death pathway for nephrons is through glomerulosclerosis— scarring of the glomerulus Chronic Kidney Disease: ESRD Manifestations - Dependency on ___________ to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis - _______tension and metabolic ___________ - Anemia due to lack of _________________ - answerChronic Kidney Disease: ESRD Manifestations - Dependency on dialysis to maintain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis - Hypertension and metabolic acidosis - Anemia due to lack of erythropoietin Chronic Kidney Disease: ESRD Manifestations - __________ and phosphate abnormalities lead to chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) - ________________ and increased risk of cardiovascular disease - answerChronic Kidney Disease: ESRD Manifestations - Calcium and phosphate abnormalities lead to chronic kidney disease mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD) - Dyslipidemia and increased risk of cardiovascular disease Prerenal Kidney Damage - D/T inadequate _____ that can occur with shock or sepsis - answerPrerenal Kidney Damage - D/T inadequate RBF that can occur with shock or sepsis Proteinuria - Damage to the ____________ barrier results in proteinuria with subsequent tubular damage - Systemic manifestations: _______________ - answerProteinuria - Damage to the filtration barrier results in proteinuria with subsequent tubular damage - Systemic manifestations: Hypertension Nephrolithiasis AKA Kidney Stones - More common in individuals with ________ and/or diabetes - Maximally ________________ urine increases risk - Diets that favor high urine _________ result in stones formed from calcium oxalate or uric acid - Pregnancy increases urine ____________ which can result in stones formed from Calcium phosphate - answerNephrolithiasis AKA Kidney Stones - More common in individuals with obesity and/or diabetes - Maximally concentrated urine increases risk - Diets that favor high urine acidity result in stones formed from calcium oxalate or uric acid - Pregnancy increases urine alkalinity which can result in stones formed from Calcium phosphate The _____________ is the Functional Unit of the Kidney - answerThe Nephron is the Functional Unit of the Kidney Kidney Structure - Each kidney has about one million ___________ - Each nephron has a ______________(site of filtration) and a __________(site of processing and reabsorption) - answerKidney Structure - Each kidney has about one million nephrons - Each nephron has a glomerulus (site of filtration) and a tubule (site of processing and reabsorption) Kidney Structure - Each nephron has two capillary beds --- _____________ capillaries: highly permeable, high rate of capillary filtration --- _____________ capillaries: highly permeable, high rate of reabsorption - answerKidney Structure - Each nephron has two capillary beds --- Glomerular capillaries: highly permeable, high rate of capillary filtration --- Peritubular capillaries: highly permeable, high rate of reabsorption Kidney Function - Kidneys also produce hormones: renin, _________________, and activated Vitamin D - answerKidney Function - Kidneys also produce hormones: renin, erythropoietin, and activated Vitamin D Total Body Fluid and Electrolyte Balance - To maintain homeostasis, the internal milieu must have relative constancy of fluid and ________________ over daily cycles of input (eating and drinking) and output (defecation, urination, insensible loss) - answerTotal Body Fluid and Electrolyte Balance - To maintain homeostasis, the internal milieu must have relative constancy of fluid and electrolytes over daily cycles of input (eating and drinking) and output (defecation, urination, insensible loss) Total Body Fluid and Electrolyte Balance - Kidneys can excrete wastes in a volume of 300 mL/d, but average adult urine output is 0.8 to ____L/d - answerTotal Body Fluid and Electrolyte Balance - Kidn