Final Exam HIS-101 UNCG (Questions + Answers) Solved

Iran-Iraq War () - ️️After Iran's 1979 Islamic (Shia) Revolution, Hussein resurrected disagreements with Iran over control of the Shatt-al-Arab waterway, and Iraq invaded Iran in 2980. The war initially went poorly for Iraq, but the other major Arab states did not want the radical Shia regime under Khomeini in Iran to win the war, nor did the US. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia gave massive amounts of monetary aid to Iraq and the US began sending secret (And illegal) arms shipments to Saddam Hussein. Iraq regained lost territory, and a cease-fire agreement was signed ending the war in a stalemate in 1988. Israeli Independence (1948) - ️️Britain began withdrawing in 1947, leaving Palestine in a civil war between Jews and Arabs; the UN proposed partitioning Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, but the Arabs rejected the proposal. In Aptril 1948, a Jewish terrorist group (Irgun) attacked the Arab village Deir Yassin, killing 100- 200 Arabs; as a result over 300,000 Arabs fled their homes by mid-May. In May 1948, Jewish leaders declared independence in territory they controlled. White Revolution - ️️The Shah began this reform policy in 1963 at the instigation of US advisers; the aim was to build up industry, liberate women, establish civil law codes, and carry out land reform. However, land reform consolidated land holdings and displaced peasants, many of whom moved to cities in the late 1960s and 70s. The White Revolution increased disparities between rich and poor in Iran, thereby undermining social stability. Ayatollah Khomeini - ️️Shiite religious leader of Iran, led the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran and ordered the invasion of the US Embassy. "Ayatollah," a title reserved for a small group of ulama (Islamic Clerics) who are the most admired and respected among Shia Muslims for their learning and integrity, means "the miraculous sign of God"-Ayatollah Khomeini Iran's Islamic Revolution - ️️In 1978 Iran experienced street battles between militant youth and the Shah's armed fores; unable to quell the protests, the Shah fled the country in January 1979, bringing the Ayatollah Khomeini to power. "Operation Ajax" - ️️A CIA-engineered coup in 1953 ousted Mossadeq and strengthened the Shah's power. Roots of the 1st Gulf War () - ️️Hussein hoped to rebuild Iraq's war-torn economy by convincing OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) to lower production and raise prices, but Saudi Arabia and Kuwait rejected his 1990 proposals to decrease oil production. During and after the Iran-Iraq war, the Kuwaits usd a special slant-drilling technique to siphon from the Iraqi side of the Rumalia oil field. The UN seta deadline of January 15th for Irawi troops to leave Kuwait, but Iraq did not meet again and it led to the US bombing campaign;Hussein sued for peace in February 1991. Saddam Hussein () - ️️Was a dictator in Iraq who tried to take over Iran and Kuwait violently in order to gain the land and the resources. He also refused to let the UN into Iraq in order to check if the country was secretly holding weapons of mass destruction. After a coup in 1968 he became the power behind the scenes and officially became Iraqi president in 1979. Suez Canal Crisis (1956) - ️️In 1952, Arab nationalist Gamal Nasser took power in Egypt; in 1956 he nationalized the Suez Canal. In response, Britain, France, and Israel (keeping plans secret from US and president Eisenhower) invaded Egypt in October 1956 but failed to retake control of the canal. The crisis increased Arab nationalism and anti-western sentiments among Arabs, marked the end of European control in the region and the rise of US influence, and showed that the Cold War was now more important than colonialism. Six-day War (1967) - ️️Amid a dispute between Syria and Israel over control of the Jordan River, Nasser amassed Egyptian troops along the Israeli border, prompting an Israeli "preemptive" strike that was very successful. Israel took the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, Golan Heights, and Jerusalem, which thus became the disputed occupied territories with a majority Arab population but now under Israeli control. 1973 War - ️️Anwar Sadat () replaced Nasser () as leader of Egypt, which along with Syria attacked Israel in October 1973. The month-long war showed that the Arabs could militarily threaten Israel, thus increasing the impetus of a peaceful settlement to the Arab-Israeli conflict. Sadat became president of Egypt until his assassination in 1981. The Rise of Apartheid - ️️Apartheid="apartness/separateness" With the votes still limited to whites, the Afrikaner-dominated National Party (NP) won South Africa's 1948 elections and created Apartheid as an official state policy. The NP passed the prohibition of mixed marriage act (1949) and the immortality act (1950) which made it illegal for people of different races to marry or have sexual relations. For the sake of enforcement, the NP enacted the Population Registration Act (1950), which categorized all South Africans into one of four 'racial groups'- White, Asian, Colored, and Black. In the 1950s, the Afrikaner-dominated (NP; white minority) government began turning native "homelands" into independent states, creating black-led governements with a vested interest in maintaining Apartheid. Sharpeville Massacre (1960) - ️️The police opened fire on a large crowd of blacks protesting the passed laws, killing 67; afterwards the government outlawed the AfricanNational Congress (ANC) and denounced Nelson Mandela as a terrorist. In response to the massacre, Mandela and the ANC adopted violence as a viable tactic of struggle. The Fall of Apartheid - ️️In 1986, president FW de Klerk granted blacks representation in parliament, and in 1990 he released Mandela from prison and legalized the ANC. Certain black leaders, such as Chief Buthelezi of the Zulu "homeland" and the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP), had a vested interest in maintaining Apartheid, which led to violence between IFP and ANC. After an agreement was reached in 1994, the country held its first elections on the basis of one person one vote, leading to a victory for Mandelaand the ANC.