ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 NEWEST
UPDATE 2024-2025 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALS |Graded A++
Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?
a. To provide specific responses toward antigens
b. To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms
c. To prevent infection of the injured tissue
d. To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury
- Correct Answer- C.
If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and systemic
response (inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect
against infection, and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue. The response to a
specific offending agent is the function of the adaptive immune response.
Lysosomes lyse cell membranes. Immunity against a subsequent tissue injury
occurs through the action of B cells and T cells.
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
a. Vasodilation of blood vessels
b. Increased capillary permeability
c. Endothelial cell expansion
d. Emigration of neutrophils
- Correct Answer- B.
The increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma from
the vessels, causing swelling (edema) in the surrounding tissue and is solely
responsible for inflammation-induced edema. Vasodilation (increased size of the
blood vessels) causes slower blood velocity and increases blood flow to the injured
site. Endothelial cell contraction (not expansion) leads to increased capillary
permeability. Emigration of neutrophils to the area of infection/injury leads to
increased destruction of the offending agent.
,What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site?
a. Complement
b. Coagulation
c. Kinin
d. Fibrinolysis
- Correct Answer- B. The coagulation (clotting) system is a group of plasma
proteins that form a fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site. This protein
system (1) prevents the spread of infection to adjacent tissues, (2) traps
microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of inflammation for removal by
infiltrating cells (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages), (3) forms a clot that stops the
bleeding, and (4) provides a framework for future repair and healing.
Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms
for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?
a. Complement cascade
b. Coagulation system
c. Kinin system
d. Immune system
- Correct Answer- A.
C3b (a component of the complement cascade) adheres to the surface of a
pathogenic microorganism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are
molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory
system, primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?
a. Platelet adhesion
b. Initiation of the clotting cascade
,c. Vasodilation
d. Increased endothelial adhesiveness
- Correct Answer- C. Histamine, when released from mast cells, causes
vasodilation.
What is an outcome of the complement cascade?
a. Activation of the clotting cascade
b. Prevention of the spread of infection to adjacent tissues
c. Inactivation of chemical mediators such as histamine
d. Lysis of bacterial cell membranes
- Correct Answer- D.
The complement cascade can be activated by at least three different means, and its
products have four functions: (1) anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell
degranulation, (2) leukocyte chemotaxis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis.
What is the function of opsonization related to the complement cascade?
a. To tag pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and
macrophages
b. To process pathogenic microorganisms so that activated lymphocytes can be
created for acquired immunity
c. To destroy glycoprotein cell membranes of pathogenic microorganisms
d. To promote anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation
- Correct Answer- A.
Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the
inflammatory system (opsonization), primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
What is happening during opsonization?
, - Correct Answer- During opsonization opsonin binds to a pathogen, then
phagocytes are attracted, and the pathogen is opsonized (destroyed). It is bound
with the antibody IgG.
How does the chemotactic factor affect the inflammatory process?
a. By causing vasodilation around the inflamed area
b. By stimulating smooth muscle contraction in the inflamed area
c. By directing leukocytes to the inflamed area
d. By producing edema around the inflamed area
- Correct Answer- C.
Two chemotactic factors, neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophil
chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), are released during mast cell
degranulation. NCF attracts neutrophils (a type of leukocytes), and ECF-A attracts
eosinophils to the site of inflammation.
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of
which problem?
a. Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
b. Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
c. Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
d. Number of mast cells is insufficient.
- Correct Answer- C.
In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general,
but can instead be linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or
diabetes mellitus.
What is the correct sequence in phagocytosis?
a. Engulfment, recognition, fusion, destruction
UPDATE 2024-2025 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALS |Graded A++
Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?
a. To provide specific responses toward antigens
b. To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms
c. To prevent infection of the injured tissue
d. To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury
- Correct Answer- C.
If the epithelial barrier is damaged, then a highly efficient local and systemic
response (inflammation) is mobilized to limit the extent of damage, to protect
against infection, and to initiate the repair of damaged tissue. The response to a
specific offending agent is the function of the adaptive immune response.
Lysosomes lyse cell membranes. Immunity against a subsequent tissue injury
occurs through the action of B cells and T cells.
What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?
a. Vasodilation of blood vessels
b. Increased capillary permeability
c. Endothelial cell expansion
d. Emigration of neutrophils
- Correct Answer- B.
The increased flow and capillary permeability result in a leakage of plasma from
the vessels, causing swelling (edema) in the surrounding tissue and is solely
responsible for inflammation-induced edema. Vasodilation (increased size of the
blood vessels) causes slower blood velocity and increases blood flow to the injured
site. Endothelial cell contraction (not expansion) leads to increased capillary
permeability. Emigration of neutrophils to the area of infection/injury leads to
increased destruction of the offending agent.
,What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site?
a. Complement
b. Coagulation
c. Kinin
d. Fibrinolysis
- Correct Answer- B. The coagulation (clotting) system is a group of plasma
proteins that form a fibrinous meshwork at an injured or inflamed site. This protein
system (1) prevents the spread of infection to adjacent tissues, (2) traps
microorganisms and foreign bodies at the site of inflammation for removal by
infiltrating cells (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages), (3) forms a clot that stops the
bleeding, and (4) provides a framework for future repair and healing.
Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms
for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?
a. Complement cascade
b. Coagulation system
c. Kinin system
d. Immune system
- Correct Answer- A.
C3b (a component of the complement cascade) adheres to the surface of a
pathogenic microorganism and serves as an efficient opsonin. Opsonins are
molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the inflammatory
system, primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?
a. Platelet adhesion
b. Initiation of the clotting cascade
,c. Vasodilation
d. Increased endothelial adhesiveness
- Correct Answer- C. Histamine, when released from mast cells, causes
vasodilation.
What is an outcome of the complement cascade?
a. Activation of the clotting cascade
b. Prevention of the spread of infection to adjacent tissues
c. Inactivation of chemical mediators such as histamine
d. Lysis of bacterial cell membranes
- Correct Answer- D.
The complement cascade can be activated by at least three different means, and its
products have four functions: (1) anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell
degranulation, (2) leukocyte chemotaxis, (3) opsonization, and (4) cell lysis.
What is the function of opsonization related to the complement cascade?
a. To tag pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and
macrophages
b. To process pathogenic microorganisms so that activated lymphocytes can be
created for acquired immunity
c. To destroy glycoprotein cell membranes of pathogenic microorganisms
d. To promote anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation
- Correct Answer- A.
Opsonins are molecules that tag microorganisms for destruction by cells of the
inflammatory system (opsonization), primarily neutrophils and macrophages.
What is happening during opsonization?
, - Correct Answer- During opsonization opsonin binds to a pathogen, then
phagocytes are attracted, and the pathogen is opsonized (destroyed). It is bound
with the antibody IgG.
How does the chemotactic factor affect the inflammatory process?
a. By causing vasodilation around the inflamed area
b. By stimulating smooth muscle contraction in the inflamed area
c. By directing leukocytes to the inflamed area
d. By producing edema around the inflamed area
- Correct Answer- C.
Two chemotactic factors, neutrophil chemotactic factor (NCF) and eosinophil
chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis (ECF-A), are released during mast cell
degranulation. NCF attracts neutrophils (a type of leukocytes), and ECF-A attracts
eosinophils to the site of inflammation.
Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of
which problem?
a. Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
b. Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
c. Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
d. Number of mast cells is insufficient.
- Correct Answer- C.
In some cases, impaired healing is not directly associated with aging, in general,
but can instead be linked to a chronic illness such as cardiovascular disease or
diabetes mellitus.
What is the correct sequence in phagocytosis?
a. Engulfment, recognition, fusion, destruction
