NHM 365 Exam 2 Questions And
Answers
Framington Heart Study - ANS 1948, epidemiological, longitudinal, prospective study set
up to identify risk factors for CHD in a large group of participants who had not yet developed
overt symptoms of CVD or suffered a heart attack or stroke
atherosclerosis - ANS progressive narrowing of the arterial tree, can affect any artery in the
body, including arteries in the heart, brain, arms, legs and pelvis, lowers blood flow
plaques - ANS build from childhood inside coronary arteries, result from endothelial injury
from sources such as increased LDL cholesterol, hyperglycemia, diabetes, HTN, obesity,
cigarette smoking, increased homocysteine, and diet high in saturated fat
Ischemia - ANS deficient blood supply
angina pectoris - ANS can be a preliminary sign of MI; caused by reduced blood flow to the
heart
Arrhythmia - ANS abnormal heart rate
bradycardia - ANS slow heart rate; <60 bpm
tachycardia - ANS abnormally rapid heart rate; >100 bpm
Atrial fibrillation (Afib) and ventricular fibrillation (Vfib) - ANS rapid, irregular and incomplete
contractions of atria or ventricles; may lead to cardiac arrest
myocardial infarction (MI) - ANS "heart attack"; due to occlusion of 1 or more coronary
arteries; medical emergency
ischemic stroke - ANS stroke caused by blood clot occluding at artery that supplies the
brain
transient ischemic attack (TIA) - ANS mini stroke
hemorrhagic stroke - ANS stoke that occurs when blood vessel to brain ruptures;
uncontrolled HTN is common cause
, total cholesterol desirable level - ANS <200 cholesterol
total cholesterol borderline high - ANS 200-239 cholesterol
hypercholesterolemia - ANS 240+ cholesterol
chylomicrons - ANS largest lipoprotein particles, carry dietary fat and cholesterol from
intestine to blood stream; somewhat atherogenic; consumption of high fat meals produces more
chylomicrons and remnants
VLDL - ANS synthesized in the liver to carry endogenous dietary fat and cholesterol (from
adipose and chylomicrons); after hydrolysis with LPL 50% of remnants become LDL; vegetarian
and low fat diets increase VLDL formation
IDL - ANS forms from catabolism of VLDL; precursor to LDL; increased IDL and VLDL
associated with progression of coronary occlusions
LDL - ANS primary transporter of cholesterol, and therefore positively correlates with
increased cholsterol; 95% of proteins in LDL is apo-B, strong predictor of CHD
LDL optimal - ANS <100 mg/dL LDL
LDL near/above optimal - ANS 100-129 mg/dL LDL
LDL borderline high risk - ANS 130-159 mg/dL LDL
LDL high risk - ANS 160-189 mg/dL LDL
LDL very high risk - ANS 190+ LDL
HDL - ANS contain the most protein (most dense); involved in cholesterol removal
HDL protective - ANS >60 mg/dL HDL
HDL risk factor for CHD - ANS <40 mg/dL HDL
Apo-1 - ANS primary apolipoprotein in HDL, reflects anti-atherogenic (HDL) particles
Apo-B - ANS primary apolipoprotein in LDL; indicates number of potentially atherogenic
LDL particles
C-reactive protein (CRP) - ANS marker of inflammation, high serum CRP associated with
increased risk of MI and stroke
Answers
Framington Heart Study - ANS 1948, epidemiological, longitudinal, prospective study set
up to identify risk factors for CHD in a large group of participants who had not yet developed
overt symptoms of CVD or suffered a heart attack or stroke
atherosclerosis - ANS progressive narrowing of the arterial tree, can affect any artery in the
body, including arteries in the heart, brain, arms, legs and pelvis, lowers blood flow
plaques - ANS build from childhood inside coronary arteries, result from endothelial injury
from sources such as increased LDL cholesterol, hyperglycemia, diabetes, HTN, obesity,
cigarette smoking, increased homocysteine, and diet high in saturated fat
Ischemia - ANS deficient blood supply
angina pectoris - ANS can be a preliminary sign of MI; caused by reduced blood flow to the
heart
Arrhythmia - ANS abnormal heart rate
bradycardia - ANS slow heart rate; <60 bpm
tachycardia - ANS abnormally rapid heart rate; >100 bpm
Atrial fibrillation (Afib) and ventricular fibrillation (Vfib) - ANS rapid, irregular and incomplete
contractions of atria or ventricles; may lead to cardiac arrest
myocardial infarction (MI) - ANS "heart attack"; due to occlusion of 1 or more coronary
arteries; medical emergency
ischemic stroke - ANS stroke caused by blood clot occluding at artery that supplies the
brain
transient ischemic attack (TIA) - ANS mini stroke
hemorrhagic stroke - ANS stoke that occurs when blood vessel to brain ruptures;
uncontrolled HTN is common cause
, total cholesterol desirable level - ANS <200 cholesterol
total cholesterol borderline high - ANS 200-239 cholesterol
hypercholesterolemia - ANS 240+ cholesterol
chylomicrons - ANS largest lipoprotein particles, carry dietary fat and cholesterol from
intestine to blood stream; somewhat atherogenic; consumption of high fat meals produces more
chylomicrons and remnants
VLDL - ANS synthesized in the liver to carry endogenous dietary fat and cholesterol (from
adipose and chylomicrons); after hydrolysis with LPL 50% of remnants become LDL; vegetarian
and low fat diets increase VLDL formation
IDL - ANS forms from catabolism of VLDL; precursor to LDL; increased IDL and VLDL
associated with progression of coronary occlusions
LDL - ANS primary transporter of cholesterol, and therefore positively correlates with
increased cholsterol; 95% of proteins in LDL is apo-B, strong predictor of CHD
LDL optimal - ANS <100 mg/dL LDL
LDL near/above optimal - ANS 100-129 mg/dL LDL
LDL borderline high risk - ANS 130-159 mg/dL LDL
LDL high risk - ANS 160-189 mg/dL LDL
LDL very high risk - ANS 190+ LDL
HDL - ANS contain the most protein (most dense); involved in cholesterol removal
HDL protective - ANS >60 mg/dL HDL
HDL risk factor for CHD - ANS <40 mg/dL HDL
Apo-1 - ANS primary apolipoprotein in HDL, reflects anti-atherogenic (HDL) particles
Apo-B - ANS primary apolipoprotein in LDL; indicates number of potentially atherogenic
LDL particles
C-reactive protein (CRP) - ANS marker of inflammation, high serum CRP associated with
increased risk of MI and stroke
