2023 AQA A-level PSYCHOLOGY 7182/1 Paper
1 Introductory topics in psychology EXAM
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CORRECT ANSWERS ALL GRADED
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Kelman - ANSWER-✔1958. Proposed three types of conformity.
Conformity - ANSWER-✔Yielding to group pressure. Behaviour and/or beliefs are
influenced by a larger group of people.
Internalisation - ANSWER-✔Public and private. Validation process. Change own
beliefs.
Identification - ANSWER-✔Accept influence to establish a relationship with a group.
To feel part of a group. Internalisation and compliance.
Compliance - ANSWER-✔Public not private. No change in personal opinion. To fain
approval. To fit in with a group
Informational social influence - ANSWER-✔A type of internalisation. Accepts
information from others as evidence about reality. More confidence in their beliefs.
Normative social influence - ANSWER-✔Go along with the majority without
accepting their point of view whilst believing that they are under surveillance by the
group.
Evaluation of types of conformity - ANSWER-✔Difficulties in distinguishing between
compliance and internalisation.
Research support for normative social influence - Linkenbach and Perkins (2003)
Research support for informational influence - Wittenbrink and Henley (1996)
Normative influence may not be detected - Nolan et al (2008)
Informational influence is moderated by task type
, Asch - ANSWER-✔1956. Tested conformity. Tested 123 male US undergraduates.
Groups of all but one confederate. Asked to identify the two of three lines that were
the same length. The real participant answered second to last. In different conditions
("critical trials" 12/18 trials) the confederates were instructed to give the same
incorrect answer. On the 12 critical tasks the average conformity rate was 33%. ¼
never conformed in any of the critical trials. ½ conformed in six or more of the
critical trials. ¹∕₂₀ conformed in all 12 critical tasks. In control conditions
(confederates not answering wrong) participants made mistakes about 1% of the
time.
Evaluation of Asch - ANSWER-✔Asch's research may be a child of its time - Perrin
and Spencer (1980)
Problems with determinging the effect of group size - Bond (2005)
Independent behaviour rather than conformity.
Unconvincing confederates.
Cultural differences in conformity - Smith et al (2006)
Perrin and Spencer - ANSWER-✔1980. Attempted to repeat Asch's study in the UK
using science and engineering students. They only obtained one conforming
response out of 396 trials. In a subsequent study (youths on probation and probation
officers as participants and confederates respectively) hey found that conformity
was more likely to occur if the percieved cost of not performing was greater.
Bond - ANSWER-✔2005. Suggests a limitation of research in conformity is that
studies have only a limited range of majority sizes. No studies other than Asch have
used a greater majority than 9 so in reality very little is known about the effect of
larger majority sizes on conformity.
Group size - ANSWER-✔How large or small a group of participants is.
Unanimity - ANSWER-✔Where everyone agrees.
Task difficulty - ANSWER-✔How easy or hard a part of an experiment is.
Variables affecting conformity - ANSWER-✔Group size, Unanimity, Task difficulty
Stanford prison experiment - ANSWER-✔1973. Aimed to investigate how readily
people would conform to social roles of guard and prisoner in a role-playing exercise
that simulated prison life. 21 male university student volunteers were allocated
social roles (either prisoner or guard). The prisoners were dehumanised ("arrested",
delousing procedure, prison number).
Zimbardo took the role of prison superintendent. The prisoners and guards quickly
identified with their roles with the guards becoming tyrannical and abusive towards
the prisoners who became passive. Experiment was stopped after 6 days (planned 2
weeks).
,Evaluation of Stanford prison experiment - ANSWER-✔Conformity to roles is not
automatic.
The problem of demand characteristics - Banuazizi and Movahedi (1975)
Ethical issues
Real world relevance - Abu Ghraib
Banuazizi and Movahedi - ANSWER-✔1975. Argued that the behaviour of
Zimbardo's guards and prisoners was not due to their response to a 'compelling
prison environment', but rather to the characteristics in the experimental situation
itself.
BBC prison study - ANSWER-✔2006 . Tried to recreate the results of the Stanford
prison experiment. Broadcast on tv. Participants did not confrom automatically to
social roles.
Social roles - ANSWER-✔Behaviour expected of an individual who occupies a given
position or status.
Milgram - ANSWER-✔1963. 40 participants (male) assigned as the role of "teacher".
Had to give 'electric shocks' to 'another participant' the "learner" who in reality was
a confederate/actor. The experiment would continue until the participant refused to
continue or 450 volts was reached. If the "teacher" tried to stop the experimenter
would say "the experiment requires that you continue" etc (x4 5th stop). All of the
participants went to at least 300 volts. 65% continued until the full 450 volts.
Evaluation of Milgram - ANSWER-✔Ethical issues
Internal validity (a lack of realism) - Orne and Holland (1968), Perry (2012)
Individual differences (the influenceof gender)
External validity (the obedience alibi) - Mandel (1998)
Historical validity - Burger (2009)
Orne and Holland - ANSWER-✔1968. Claimed that participants in psychological
studies have learned to distrust experimenters because they know that the true
purpose of the study may be disguised.
Perry - ANSWER-✔2012. Discovered that many of Milgram's participants had been
sceptical at the time about whether the shocks were real.
Obedience - ANSWER-✔A type of social influence whereby somebody acts in
response to a direct order from a figure of perceived authority.
Situational variables - ANSWER-✔Proximity. Location. Uniform
Proximity - ANSWER-✔How close two people are in relation to distance
Location - ANSWER-✔Where the experiment takes place
, Uniform - ANSWER-✔What a person is wearing (usually someone involved in the
running of an experiment, not a participant)
Agentic state - ANSWER-✔A person sees himself/herself as an agent for carrying
out another persons wishes. People allow others to direct their actions, and then
pass off responsibility for the consequences to the person giving orders.
Legitimate authority - ANSWER-✔A person who is perceived to be in a position of
social control within a situation
Authoritarian personality - ANSWER-✔A distinct personality pattern characterised
by strict adherence to conventional values and a belief in absolute obedience or
submission to authority.
Elms and Milgram - ANSWER-✔1966. To see if authoritarian personality traits were
more likely to be displayed by obedient participants than disobedient participants
from Milgram's original experiment. 20 obedient and 20 disobedient. Completed F-
scale. Obedient participants score higher on F-scale.
Evaluation of the authoritarian personality - ANSWER-✔Research evidence for the
authoritarianism/obedience link - Elms and Milgram (1966)
Difference between authoritarian and obedient participants.
Education may determine authoritarianism and obedience - Middendorp and
Meloen (1990)
Left wing views are assocaited with lower levels of obedience - Bègue et al (2014)
Autonomous state - ANSWER-✔People direct their own actions, and they take
responsibility for the results of those actions.
Conventionalism - ANSWER-✔An adherence to conventional norms and values
Authoritarian aggression - ANSWER-✔Aggressive feelings towards people who
violate conventional norms
Authoritarian submission - ANSWER-✔Uncritical submission to legitimate
authorities
Resistance to social influence - ANSWER-✔Social support, locus of control
Non-conformity - ANSWER-✔Resisting pressure to conform
Anti-conformity/Counter-conformity - ANSWER-✔Acts opposite to rules (purpose)
Truly independent behaviour - ANSWER-✔Not influenced by actions of others
Locus of control - ANSWER-✔Refers to the feeling of control people have over the
successes, failures and events in their lives.
1 Introductory topics in psychology EXAM
BANK 2024|VERIFIED EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS ALL GRADED
A+|GUARANTEED SUCCESS|LATEST UPDATE
2024-2025
Kelman - ANSWER-✔1958. Proposed three types of conformity.
Conformity - ANSWER-✔Yielding to group pressure. Behaviour and/or beliefs are
influenced by a larger group of people.
Internalisation - ANSWER-✔Public and private. Validation process. Change own
beliefs.
Identification - ANSWER-✔Accept influence to establish a relationship with a group.
To feel part of a group. Internalisation and compliance.
Compliance - ANSWER-✔Public not private. No change in personal opinion. To fain
approval. To fit in with a group
Informational social influence - ANSWER-✔A type of internalisation. Accepts
information from others as evidence about reality. More confidence in their beliefs.
Normative social influence - ANSWER-✔Go along with the majority without
accepting their point of view whilst believing that they are under surveillance by the
group.
Evaluation of types of conformity - ANSWER-✔Difficulties in distinguishing between
compliance and internalisation.
Research support for normative social influence - Linkenbach and Perkins (2003)
Research support for informational influence - Wittenbrink and Henley (1996)
Normative influence may not be detected - Nolan et al (2008)
Informational influence is moderated by task type
, Asch - ANSWER-✔1956. Tested conformity. Tested 123 male US undergraduates.
Groups of all but one confederate. Asked to identify the two of three lines that were
the same length. The real participant answered second to last. In different conditions
("critical trials" 12/18 trials) the confederates were instructed to give the same
incorrect answer. On the 12 critical tasks the average conformity rate was 33%. ¼
never conformed in any of the critical trials. ½ conformed in six or more of the
critical trials. ¹∕₂₀ conformed in all 12 critical tasks. In control conditions
(confederates not answering wrong) participants made mistakes about 1% of the
time.
Evaluation of Asch - ANSWER-✔Asch's research may be a child of its time - Perrin
and Spencer (1980)
Problems with determinging the effect of group size - Bond (2005)
Independent behaviour rather than conformity.
Unconvincing confederates.
Cultural differences in conformity - Smith et al (2006)
Perrin and Spencer - ANSWER-✔1980. Attempted to repeat Asch's study in the UK
using science and engineering students. They only obtained one conforming
response out of 396 trials. In a subsequent study (youths on probation and probation
officers as participants and confederates respectively) hey found that conformity
was more likely to occur if the percieved cost of not performing was greater.
Bond - ANSWER-✔2005. Suggests a limitation of research in conformity is that
studies have only a limited range of majority sizes. No studies other than Asch have
used a greater majority than 9 so in reality very little is known about the effect of
larger majority sizes on conformity.
Group size - ANSWER-✔How large or small a group of participants is.
Unanimity - ANSWER-✔Where everyone agrees.
Task difficulty - ANSWER-✔How easy or hard a part of an experiment is.
Variables affecting conformity - ANSWER-✔Group size, Unanimity, Task difficulty
Stanford prison experiment - ANSWER-✔1973. Aimed to investigate how readily
people would conform to social roles of guard and prisoner in a role-playing exercise
that simulated prison life. 21 male university student volunteers were allocated
social roles (either prisoner or guard). The prisoners were dehumanised ("arrested",
delousing procedure, prison number).
Zimbardo took the role of prison superintendent. The prisoners and guards quickly
identified with their roles with the guards becoming tyrannical and abusive towards
the prisoners who became passive. Experiment was stopped after 6 days (planned 2
weeks).
,Evaluation of Stanford prison experiment - ANSWER-✔Conformity to roles is not
automatic.
The problem of demand characteristics - Banuazizi and Movahedi (1975)
Ethical issues
Real world relevance - Abu Ghraib
Banuazizi and Movahedi - ANSWER-✔1975. Argued that the behaviour of
Zimbardo's guards and prisoners was not due to their response to a 'compelling
prison environment', but rather to the characteristics in the experimental situation
itself.
BBC prison study - ANSWER-✔2006 . Tried to recreate the results of the Stanford
prison experiment. Broadcast on tv. Participants did not confrom automatically to
social roles.
Social roles - ANSWER-✔Behaviour expected of an individual who occupies a given
position or status.
Milgram - ANSWER-✔1963. 40 participants (male) assigned as the role of "teacher".
Had to give 'electric shocks' to 'another participant' the "learner" who in reality was
a confederate/actor. The experiment would continue until the participant refused to
continue or 450 volts was reached. If the "teacher" tried to stop the experimenter
would say "the experiment requires that you continue" etc (x4 5th stop). All of the
participants went to at least 300 volts. 65% continued until the full 450 volts.
Evaluation of Milgram - ANSWER-✔Ethical issues
Internal validity (a lack of realism) - Orne and Holland (1968), Perry (2012)
Individual differences (the influenceof gender)
External validity (the obedience alibi) - Mandel (1998)
Historical validity - Burger (2009)
Orne and Holland - ANSWER-✔1968. Claimed that participants in psychological
studies have learned to distrust experimenters because they know that the true
purpose of the study may be disguised.
Perry - ANSWER-✔2012. Discovered that many of Milgram's participants had been
sceptical at the time about whether the shocks were real.
Obedience - ANSWER-✔A type of social influence whereby somebody acts in
response to a direct order from a figure of perceived authority.
Situational variables - ANSWER-✔Proximity. Location. Uniform
Proximity - ANSWER-✔How close two people are in relation to distance
Location - ANSWER-✔Where the experiment takes place
, Uniform - ANSWER-✔What a person is wearing (usually someone involved in the
running of an experiment, not a participant)
Agentic state - ANSWER-✔A person sees himself/herself as an agent for carrying
out another persons wishes. People allow others to direct their actions, and then
pass off responsibility for the consequences to the person giving orders.
Legitimate authority - ANSWER-✔A person who is perceived to be in a position of
social control within a situation
Authoritarian personality - ANSWER-✔A distinct personality pattern characterised
by strict adherence to conventional values and a belief in absolute obedience or
submission to authority.
Elms and Milgram - ANSWER-✔1966. To see if authoritarian personality traits were
more likely to be displayed by obedient participants than disobedient participants
from Milgram's original experiment. 20 obedient and 20 disobedient. Completed F-
scale. Obedient participants score higher on F-scale.
Evaluation of the authoritarian personality - ANSWER-✔Research evidence for the
authoritarianism/obedience link - Elms and Milgram (1966)
Difference between authoritarian and obedient participants.
Education may determine authoritarianism and obedience - Middendorp and
Meloen (1990)
Left wing views are assocaited with lower levels of obedience - Bègue et al (2014)
Autonomous state - ANSWER-✔People direct their own actions, and they take
responsibility for the results of those actions.
Conventionalism - ANSWER-✔An adherence to conventional norms and values
Authoritarian aggression - ANSWER-✔Aggressive feelings towards people who
violate conventional norms
Authoritarian submission - ANSWER-✔Uncritical submission to legitimate
authorities
Resistance to social influence - ANSWER-✔Social support, locus of control
Non-conformity - ANSWER-✔Resisting pressure to conform
Anti-conformity/Counter-conformity - ANSWER-✔Acts opposite to rules (purpose)
Truly independent behaviour - ANSWER-✔Not influenced by actions of others
Locus of control - ANSWER-✔Refers to the feeling of control people have over the
successes, failures and events in their lives.
