NSB236 Exam 2024 NSB 236 Actual
Exam Update 2024 Questions and
Correct Answers Rated A+
What is the biology of cancer? -ANSWER-Defective cell proliferation
and defective cell differentiation.
What are the three stages of cancer development? -ANSWER-
Initiation, promotion and progression.
What are the characteristics of benign neoplasms? -ANSWER-Usually
encapsulated, normally differentiated, nil metastases, rare recurrence,
slight vascularity, and expansive growth.
What are the characteristics of malignant neoplasms? -ANSWER-
Rarely encapsulated, poorly differentiated, capable of metastasis,
possible recurrence, moderate to marked vascularity, and infiltrative
growth.
What is the aim of chemotherapy? -ANSWER-To reduce or eliminate
malignant cells.
What is dysplasia? -ANSWER-The presence of abnormal cells within
a tissue.
How is cancer growth staged? -ANSWER-From stage 0 (cells are in
situ) to stage 4 (cells have metastasised).
,What are the four stages of radiation therapy? -ANSWER-Energy
beams absorb into tissue, ionisation occurs, leading to the breakdown
of cell DNA bonds.
What are the side effects of chemotherapy? -ANSWER-Nausea and
vomiting, malnutrition, inflammation, diarrhoea/constipation and
toxicities.
What is angiogenesis? -ANSWER-The formation of new blood
vessels.
What are the meninges? -ANSWER-The three layers of membranes
that protect the brain and spinal cord.
What is anaplasia? -ANSWER-The lack of cellular differentiation.
What is an oncogene? -ANSWER-A mutated gene that has the
potential to cause cancer.
What is a vesicant? -ANSWER-An agent that causes blistering.
What is nadir? -ANSWER-The lowest possible blood cell count during
chemotherapy.
What is a neoplasm? -ANSWER-A new and abnormal growth of
tissue.
What is leucopenia? -ANSWER-An abnormally low white blood cell
count.
What is thrombocytopenia? -ANSWER-A low level of platelets in the
blood.
,What is the normal range of leukocytes in the blood? -ANSWER-
4,500-11,000.
What is the normal range of thrombocytes in the blood? -ANSWER-
150,000-450,000 per micro-litre.
What are the types of white blood cells? -ANSWER-Neutrophils,
lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and leukocytes.
What does ectomy refer to? -ANSWER-Excision or removal of.
What does lysis refer to? -ANSWER-Destruction of.
What does orrhaphy refer to? -ANSWER-The repair or suture of.
What does ostomy refer to? -ANSWER-The creation of opening into.
What does otomy refer to? -ANSWER-The cutting into or incision of.
What are the four types of trauma? -ANSWER-Non-penetrating,
penetrating, thermal and electrical.
What are the common causes of thoracic trauma? -ANSWER-Seatbelt
injury, crush injury and penetrating injury.
What is a pneumonia/haemothorax? -ANSWER-Air or blood in the
pleural space.
What is a tension pneumothorax? -ANSWER-A tension pneumothorax
is when a pneumothorax causes haemodynamic compromise. This
, occurs when the air entering the pleural space does so via a pleural
breach which functions as a one way valve.
What is the first-line treatment for a pneumothorax/haemothorax? -
ANSWER-An intercostal catheter or underwater sealed drainage.
What are the 6 P's of neuromuscular assessment? -ANSWER-Pain,
pallor (colour), paraesthesia (pins and needles), paralysis, pulses, and
polar.
What is compartment syndrome? -ANSWER-Increased pressure in
any of the 46 anatomical compartments of the body leading to cellular
dysfunction, vascular and neural compression, and tissue ischaemia.
What is ischaemia? -ANSWER-Loss of blood supply to a tissue due to
impeded arterial supply.
What are the goals of treating haemorrhage? -ANSWER-Optimise
oxygenation, monitor patient frequently and aim for a temperature of
above 35.5 and pH of above 7.2.
What is cancer? -ANSWER-A single cell that does not conform to
regular cell differentiation and proliferation.
What are the symptoms of cancer? -ANSWER-Persistent fever,
changes to pallor, frequent infections, unexplained weight loss,
fatigue, coughing up blood, headaches, and chronic pain.
What is a carcinoma? -ANSWER-Tumours of the skin and mucous
membrane.
Exam Update 2024 Questions and
Correct Answers Rated A+
What is the biology of cancer? -ANSWER-Defective cell proliferation
and defective cell differentiation.
What are the three stages of cancer development? -ANSWER-
Initiation, promotion and progression.
What are the characteristics of benign neoplasms? -ANSWER-Usually
encapsulated, normally differentiated, nil metastases, rare recurrence,
slight vascularity, and expansive growth.
What are the characteristics of malignant neoplasms? -ANSWER-
Rarely encapsulated, poorly differentiated, capable of metastasis,
possible recurrence, moderate to marked vascularity, and infiltrative
growth.
What is the aim of chemotherapy? -ANSWER-To reduce or eliminate
malignant cells.
What is dysplasia? -ANSWER-The presence of abnormal cells within
a tissue.
How is cancer growth staged? -ANSWER-From stage 0 (cells are in
situ) to stage 4 (cells have metastasised).
,What are the four stages of radiation therapy? -ANSWER-Energy
beams absorb into tissue, ionisation occurs, leading to the breakdown
of cell DNA bonds.
What are the side effects of chemotherapy? -ANSWER-Nausea and
vomiting, malnutrition, inflammation, diarrhoea/constipation and
toxicities.
What is angiogenesis? -ANSWER-The formation of new blood
vessels.
What are the meninges? -ANSWER-The three layers of membranes
that protect the brain and spinal cord.
What is anaplasia? -ANSWER-The lack of cellular differentiation.
What is an oncogene? -ANSWER-A mutated gene that has the
potential to cause cancer.
What is a vesicant? -ANSWER-An agent that causes blistering.
What is nadir? -ANSWER-The lowest possible blood cell count during
chemotherapy.
What is a neoplasm? -ANSWER-A new and abnormal growth of
tissue.
What is leucopenia? -ANSWER-An abnormally low white blood cell
count.
What is thrombocytopenia? -ANSWER-A low level of platelets in the
blood.
,What is the normal range of leukocytes in the blood? -ANSWER-
4,500-11,000.
What is the normal range of thrombocytes in the blood? -ANSWER-
150,000-450,000 per micro-litre.
What are the types of white blood cells? -ANSWER-Neutrophils,
lymphocytes, monocytes, basophils, and leukocytes.
What does ectomy refer to? -ANSWER-Excision or removal of.
What does lysis refer to? -ANSWER-Destruction of.
What does orrhaphy refer to? -ANSWER-The repair or suture of.
What does ostomy refer to? -ANSWER-The creation of opening into.
What does otomy refer to? -ANSWER-The cutting into or incision of.
What are the four types of trauma? -ANSWER-Non-penetrating,
penetrating, thermal and electrical.
What are the common causes of thoracic trauma? -ANSWER-Seatbelt
injury, crush injury and penetrating injury.
What is a pneumonia/haemothorax? -ANSWER-Air or blood in the
pleural space.
What is a tension pneumothorax? -ANSWER-A tension pneumothorax
is when a pneumothorax causes haemodynamic compromise. This
, occurs when the air entering the pleural space does so via a pleural
breach which functions as a one way valve.
What is the first-line treatment for a pneumothorax/haemothorax? -
ANSWER-An intercostal catheter or underwater sealed drainage.
What are the 6 P's of neuromuscular assessment? -ANSWER-Pain,
pallor (colour), paraesthesia (pins and needles), paralysis, pulses, and
polar.
What is compartment syndrome? -ANSWER-Increased pressure in
any of the 46 anatomical compartments of the body leading to cellular
dysfunction, vascular and neural compression, and tissue ischaemia.
What is ischaemia? -ANSWER-Loss of blood supply to a tissue due to
impeded arterial supply.
What are the goals of treating haemorrhage? -ANSWER-Optimise
oxygenation, monitor patient frequently and aim for a temperature of
above 35.5 and pH of above 7.2.
What is cancer? -ANSWER-A single cell that does not conform to
regular cell differentiation and proliferation.
What are the symptoms of cancer? -ANSWER-Persistent fever,
changes to pallor, frequent infections, unexplained weight loss,
fatigue, coughing up blood, headaches, and chronic pain.
What is a carcinoma? -ANSWER-Tumours of the skin and mucous
membrane.
