NRS 533 Exam Module 3 and 4 Actual
Exam 2024 Questions and Correct
Answers Rated A+
Name three pathophysiological types of AKI -ANSWER-Prerenal,
infrarenal, post renal
Prerenal AKI pathology -ANSWER-30-60% of AKI
decreased blood flow to kidneys
Two reasons blood flow would be decreased to kidneys -ANSWER-
Hypovolemic: V/D, blood loss, diuretics
hypervolemic (poor circulating volume): HF, cirrhosis, nephrotic
syndrome
Physical assessment of Pre-renal AKI -ANSWER-dry mucous
membranes, poor skin turgor, decreased venous jugular pressure,
hypotension
Treatment of Pre-renal AKI -ANSWER-fluid administration, increase
renal blood flow, monitor cardiac response
Intrarenal AKI Pathology -ANSWER-(40%)
Ischemia due to decreased blood flow (vasodilation from sepsis)
severe pre-renal insult (serious an prolonged decrease in blood flow to
the kidneys affecting their function
nephrotoxic agents (medications, chemical agents, septic toxins).
Drugs: PPI, NSAIDs, antibiotics, chemotherapy
,Infrarenal AKI physical assessment -ANSWER-Kidney biopsy after
pre/post renal causes have been ruled out UA = muddy granular and
epithelial cell casts
urine output variable due to decrease in GFR (usually present with
oliguria)
increased urine sodium excretion
delayed treatment response
inability to concentrate urine
Diagnostics and levels you would see with Intra-renal AKI -ANSWER-
osmolality 300-320 mOsm/L
daily serum Cr levels rise by 0.3-0.5 mg/dL.
Treatment of Infrarenal AKI -ANSWER-Prevention
identify high-risk patients
minimize nephrotoxic agent use
volume status management
maintain kidney perfusion.
Postrenal AKI pathology -ANSWER-Obstruction of urine flow
(unilateral or bilateral)
causes retrograde pressure and slow tubular fluid flow and GFR
Postrenal AKI pathology if temporary -ANSWER-minimal damage to
kidney tissue
Postrenal AKI pathology if prolonged -ANSWER-kidney tissue
damage and loss
What can happen d/t confined urine outflow? -ANSWER-polyuria
, clinical manifestations of Postrenal AKI/causes -ANSWER-obstructive
uropathy:
male: BPH (most common), stones, prostate CA
female: GU tract abnormality
Bladder distention
unilateral flank pain
Diagnostic findings of post renal AKI -ANSWER-variable urine
osmolality, specific gravity, urine Na positive
US kidney, High resolution non contract CT scan
UA dipstick and microscopic
treatment of post renal AKI -ANSWER-relieve obstruction
reestablish urine flow
avoid nephrotoxic agents
Etiology of Prerenal AKI -ANSWER-hypovolemia
hemorrhaific blood loss
plasma volume loss
h20 and electrolyte loss
systemic hypotension or hypperfusion
septic shock systemic inflammation
cardiac failure or shock
PE
stenosis or clamping of renal artery
increased abdominal pressure (and compartment syndrome)
etiology of infrarenal AKI -ANSWER-Nephrotoxins:
drugs
IV contrast
biologic substances, heavy metals, plants and animal substances,
environmental factors.
Exam 2024 Questions and Correct
Answers Rated A+
Name three pathophysiological types of AKI -ANSWER-Prerenal,
infrarenal, post renal
Prerenal AKI pathology -ANSWER-30-60% of AKI
decreased blood flow to kidneys
Two reasons blood flow would be decreased to kidneys -ANSWER-
Hypovolemic: V/D, blood loss, diuretics
hypervolemic (poor circulating volume): HF, cirrhosis, nephrotic
syndrome
Physical assessment of Pre-renal AKI -ANSWER-dry mucous
membranes, poor skin turgor, decreased venous jugular pressure,
hypotension
Treatment of Pre-renal AKI -ANSWER-fluid administration, increase
renal blood flow, monitor cardiac response
Intrarenal AKI Pathology -ANSWER-(40%)
Ischemia due to decreased blood flow (vasodilation from sepsis)
severe pre-renal insult (serious an prolonged decrease in blood flow to
the kidneys affecting their function
nephrotoxic agents (medications, chemical agents, septic toxins).
Drugs: PPI, NSAIDs, antibiotics, chemotherapy
,Infrarenal AKI physical assessment -ANSWER-Kidney biopsy after
pre/post renal causes have been ruled out UA = muddy granular and
epithelial cell casts
urine output variable due to decrease in GFR (usually present with
oliguria)
increased urine sodium excretion
delayed treatment response
inability to concentrate urine
Diagnostics and levels you would see with Intra-renal AKI -ANSWER-
osmolality 300-320 mOsm/L
daily serum Cr levels rise by 0.3-0.5 mg/dL.
Treatment of Infrarenal AKI -ANSWER-Prevention
identify high-risk patients
minimize nephrotoxic agent use
volume status management
maintain kidney perfusion.
Postrenal AKI pathology -ANSWER-Obstruction of urine flow
(unilateral or bilateral)
causes retrograde pressure and slow tubular fluid flow and GFR
Postrenal AKI pathology if temporary -ANSWER-minimal damage to
kidney tissue
Postrenal AKI pathology if prolonged -ANSWER-kidney tissue
damage and loss
What can happen d/t confined urine outflow? -ANSWER-polyuria
, clinical manifestations of Postrenal AKI/causes -ANSWER-obstructive
uropathy:
male: BPH (most common), stones, prostate CA
female: GU tract abnormality
Bladder distention
unilateral flank pain
Diagnostic findings of post renal AKI -ANSWER-variable urine
osmolality, specific gravity, urine Na positive
US kidney, High resolution non contract CT scan
UA dipstick and microscopic
treatment of post renal AKI -ANSWER-relieve obstruction
reestablish urine flow
avoid nephrotoxic agents
Etiology of Prerenal AKI -ANSWER-hypovolemia
hemorrhaific blood loss
plasma volume loss
h20 and electrolyte loss
systemic hypotension or hypperfusion
septic shock systemic inflammation
cardiac failure or shock
PE
stenosis or clamping of renal artery
increased abdominal pressure (and compartment syndrome)
etiology of infrarenal AKI -ANSWER-Nephrotoxins:
drugs
IV contrast
biologic substances, heavy metals, plants and animal substances,
environmental factors.
