COGNITIVE SCIENCE EXAM QUESTIONS. ALL EXAM REVISION
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (ALREADY GRADED A+) (2024
UPDATE)
How can speech errors (and the difficulty of tongue twisters) be explained using a PDP model? -
ANSWER- Each sound that we speak can be activated by several different words.
Know the Gricean maxims and how each is used in conversation. - ANSWER- The maxim of
quantity
One tries to be as informative as they possibly can and gives as much information as needed and
no more.
· The maxim of quality
Where one tries to be truthful and does not give information that is false or that is not supported
by evidence
· The maxim of relation
Where one tries to be relevant and says things that are pertinent to the discussion
· The maxim of manner
Where one tries to be as clear, as brief, and as orderly as one can in what one says, and where one
avoids obscurity and ambiguity
How do we use gestures when producing language? - ANSWER- · Making gestures help you
remember words
,· Gestures help the better with their comprehension
· Some ideas are difficult to describe without gestures
Outline the differences between writing and speaking. - ANSWER- Writing is done in isolation,
speaking isn't (usually)
Writing takes much more time
Writing involves more complex syntax
More revision in writing
Social factors less relevant in writing
Discuss the research on writing. What other cognitive components are involved? What are the
stages of writing? How do experts and novices differ? - ANSWER- Working Memory
Writing while completing working memory tasks
Which components of working memory would be the most important?
Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketchpad, when writing about concrete things
Central executive
Long-term memory
semantic memory
schemas
knowledge about writing style required
, Experts revise more and make better revisions
Novices typically revise one sentence at a time, focusing on grammar, spelling
Experts focus on organization, transition, focus (and spelling, grammar)
Novices often accept bad sentences:
In sports like fencing for a long time many of our varsity team members had no previous
experience anyway
Novices often can't identify what's wrong with a sentence
Define "bilingual" and related terms (multilingual, simultaneous bilingual, sequential bilingual). -
ANSWER- bilingual speaker—a person who actively uses two different languages
Multilingual speaker
Simultaneous bilingualism - learned both languages at about the same time (usually in childhood)
Sequential bilingualism: first learn language 1, then language 2
Why is English such a popular second language? - ANSWER- Internet
Because English is easier for adults to learn!
Languages with simpler words have more speakers
What are the cognitive consequences, advantages and disadvantages of bilingualism? - ANSWER-
Bilinguals better at ignoring irrelevant information, reorganizing visual patterns
Perform better on tests of creativity (what can you do with a paper clip?)
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (ALREADY GRADED A+) (2024
UPDATE)
How can speech errors (and the difficulty of tongue twisters) be explained using a PDP model? -
ANSWER- Each sound that we speak can be activated by several different words.
Know the Gricean maxims and how each is used in conversation. - ANSWER- The maxim of
quantity
One tries to be as informative as they possibly can and gives as much information as needed and
no more.
· The maxim of quality
Where one tries to be truthful and does not give information that is false or that is not supported
by evidence
· The maxim of relation
Where one tries to be relevant and says things that are pertinent to the discussion
· The maxim of manner
Where one tries to be as clear, as brief, and as orderly as one can in what one says, and where one
avoids obscurity and ambiguity
How do we use gestures when producing language? - ANSWER- · Making gestures help you
remember words
,· Gestures help the better with their comprehension
· Some ideas are difficult to describe without gestures
Outline the differences between writing and speaking. - ANSWER- Writing is done in isolation,
speaking isn't (usually)
Writing takes much more time
Writing involves more complex syntax
More revision in writing
Social factors less relevant in writing
Discuss the research on writing. What other cognitive components are involved? What are the
stages of writing? How do experts and novices differ? - ANSWER- Working Memory
Writing while completing working memory tasks
Which components of working memory would be the most important?
Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketchpad, when writing about concrete things
Central executive
Long-term memory
semantic memory
schemas
knowledge about writing style required
, Experts revise more and make better revisions
Novices typically revise one sentence at a time, focusing on grammar, spelling
Experts focus on organization, transition, focus (and spelling, grammar)
Novices often accept bad sentences:
In sports like fencing for a long time many of our varsity team members had no previous
experience anyway
Novices often can't identify what's wrong with a sentence
Define "bilingual" and related terms (multilingual, simultaneous bilingual, sequential bilingual). -
ANSWER- bilingual speaker—a person who actively uses two different languages
Multilingual speaker
Simultaneous bilingualism - learned both languages at about the same time (usually in childhood)
Sequential bilingualism: first learn language 1, then language 2
Why is English such a popular second language? - ANSWER- Internet
Because English is easier for adults to learn!
Languages with simpler words have more speakers
What are the cognitive consequences, advantages and disadvantages of bilingualism? - ANSWER-
Bilinguals better at ignoring irrelevant information, reorganizing visual patterns
Perform better on tests of creativity (what can you do with a paper clip?)
