kllffee E- aammooteeeuukaarrxaanndde.ee/HUuHaarr
Etissssuuee Kewell
T H E S T R U C T U R E o f DN A a n d R N A
The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are polymers of
nucleotides
complicated molecular structure made of three units .
/
sphosphateg.ro#o--sugar--
① spn
"" "
base purine :
Phosphate
nitrogenous base
ribonucleic acid
/ sugar / sugar
The four RNA bases
⑨
-1
:
covalent bonds
-
- -
phosphodiester bond
①
called :
Aden-me.nu Ura
-
- - - -
- -
- -
,
p
to
-
prymidme
100A
1 -
P" " "
One nucleotide bonds to
-
µ
① ✗
, N NH Only mRNA
-
another between the first
① Nt
1
,
1 NH µ
nucleotides and the 1
@c
1
sugar
1
phosphate of the next
, ,
Guanine :O Cytosine :
nucleotide a covalent
1
via
1
11 -
purine Ntlz
bond and this will take 1 N
~µµ
,
pyrimidine
③±① nHµµ
-
1 place until we have a 'aYe I n
1 polymer
with
many RNA I , ↳ Heo
H%¥dK - - - - - -
l
ÉA¥de0×y
ribonucleic acid
Guanine / Salway double bonded to cytosine All bases the except that
* stay same
thymine always triple bonded
'
3. strand and is Instead Of Uracil that found
- is
only in
5'std - to Adenine :
RNA there is
0
☒ ↳ G=_an4; !A=T Thymine µ, p
•É⑤
¥É§
← NH
this is
complementary base pairing as
a purine always joins to a
pyramid me ☐
as DNA must be symmetrical
Antiparallel :
↳ DNA is a double helix made of two 5
'
antiparallel strands of nucleotides /
" " " " " " "° "
""
" """ "
" " "" """ " "
"
"
"
"
it
bonds
hydrogen complementary base pairs
:
¥2
- -
.
, ✓
Tnestructuraldifer ncesbetwe nRNAandDNA.T
PES OF RNA AND DN A-
not about structure
|"""""^|
ÉmgRNADNA
RNA
found
0 made in the nucleus
using DNA as a template o in the nucleus and
packaged in structures
transports code for protein synthesis to ribosome called chromosomes in association with histone proteins
|
2) b- RNA -
transfer RNA 2) mtDNA -
mitochondrial DNA
found
o made In nucleus and its function is to
bring o in mitochondria and are
ring shaped
to ribosome for protein Inherited from mother only ( found cell )
amino acids
synthesis 0 in
egg
-
0 16500 base pairs
fotogethermthsetsofprotemsformrlbosomes-g.no
3) rRNA ribosomal RNA code for for respiration
enzyme responsible
-
o
.
endo sympathetic
theory
, The function Of DNA
carries the code for protein production . This code is passed on from parent to
offspring
and is therefore known as hereditary material The code .
is carried on the
genes
DNA (STR )
important concepts :
non
coding
-
-
-
different species have different numbers of
chromosomes
#~ has the exact copy
every cell in the
body
¥
-
Of DNA
-
In the body cells the chromosomes come in
DNA REPLICAT ION pairs
↳ interphase
Known as semi conservative replication
in
-
as
-
the newly formed DNA , one strand is new cytokines → growth
and the other is conserved from original DNA mitosis
-1
§§
meiosis
PROCESS :
-
⑤ DNA unwinds and Unzips → DNA
f replication
.
② H bonds between complementary bases break
§ organelie
.
③ catalyzed the enzyme helicase Ewtn
+
I
by replication
④ free DNA nucleotides in nucleus will lie next to their
8 complementary base . [A -
T and G -
c ]
0 ⑤ H bonds form between
complementary bases and sugar phosphate backbone reforms
.( the leading strand
'
⑥
' '
DNA can only replicate in the 5 to 3 direction b- strand is called the
and nucleotides are laid down )
g. n, , , , ,n , ,, , , , , , ,n , ,
in a
.gg , nggyana.nu
continuous manner
, , , , ,, , , , , , , , .mn , , , , ,n,nµ,
manner .
lie in
fragments )
A T A T A T
y y | | -4
- -
-
-
" ""
"
"
" " ^
T " →
" "
C G C G- ' a
C a G C
a
-
→
replication G C -
G C-
-
G C
fork
-
- G C - C, C -
G C
original new
=
new
-
2 new identical DNA strands
PCR Technology
:
↳ polymerase chain reaction
biotechnology process used to amplify a sample of DNA
-
.
why?=
1 .
Forensics to make more DNA found at a crime scene .
amplify genes to be used
2. In recombant
technology .
3. Inexpensive and fast .
?⃝
?⃝
Etissssuuee Kewell
T H E S T R U C T U R E o f DN A a n d R N A
The nucleic acids DNA and RNA are polymers of
nucleotides
complicated molecular structure made of three units .
/
sphosphateg.ro#o--sugar--
① spn
"" "
base purine :
Phosphate
nitrogenous base
ribonucleic acid
/ sugar / sugar
The four RNA bases
⑨
-1
:
covalent bonds
-
- -
phosphodiester bond
①
called :
Aden-me.nu Ura
-
- - - -
- -
- -
,
p
to
-
prymidme
100A
1 -
P" " "
One nucleotide bonds to
-
µ
① ✗
, N NH Only mRNA
-
another between the first
① Nt
1
,
1 NH µ
nucleotides and the 1
@c
1
sugar
1
phosphate of the next
, ,
Guanine :O Cytosine :
nucleotide a covalent
1
via
1
11 -
purine Ntlz
bond and this will take 1 N
~µµ
,
pyrimidine
③±① nHµµ
-
1 place until we have a 'aYe I n
1 polymer
with
many RNA I , ↳ Heo
H%¥dK - - - - - -
l
ÉA¥de0×y
ribonucleic acid
Guanine / Salway double bonded to cytosine All bases the except that
* stay same
thymine always triple bonded
'
3. strand and is Instead Of Uracil that found
- is
only in
5'std - to Adenine :
RNA there is
0
☒ ↳ G=_an4; !A=T Thymine µ, p
•É⑤
¥É§
← NH
this is
complementary base pairing as
a purine always joins to a
pyramid me ☐
as DNA must be symmetrical
Antiparallel :
↳ DNA is a double helix made of two 5
'
antiparallel strands of nucleotides /
" " " " " " "° "
""
" """ "
" " "" """ " "
"
"
"
"
it
bonds
hydrogen complementary base pairs
:
¥2
- -
.
, ✓
Tnestructuraldifer ncesbetwe nRNAandDNA.T
PES OF RNA AND DN A-
not about structure
|"""""^|
ÉmgRNADNA
RNA
found
0 made in the nucleus
using DNA as a template o in the nucleus and
packaged in structures
transports code for protein synthesis to ribosome called chromosomes in association with histone proteins
|
2) b- RNA -
transfer RNA 2) mtDNA -
mitochondrial DNA
found
o made In nucleus and its function is to
bring o in mitochondria and are
ring shaped
to ribosome for protein Inherited from mother only ( found cell )
amino acids
synthesis 0 in
egg
-
0 16500 base pairs
fotogethermthsetsofprotemsformrlbosomes-g.no
3) rRNA ribosomal RNA code for for respiration
enzyme responsible
-
o
.
endo sympathetic
theory
, The function Of DNA
carries the code for protein production . This code is passed on from parent to
offspring
and is therefore known as hereditary material The code .
is carried on the
genes
DNA (STR )
important concepts :
non
coding
-
-
-
different species have different numbers of
chromosomes
#~ has the exact copy
every cell in the
body
¥
-
Of DNA
-
In the body cells the chromosomes come in
DNA REPLICAT ION pairs
↳ interphase
Known as semi conservative replication
in
-
as
-
the newly formed DNA , one strand is new cytokines → growth
and the other is conserved from original DNA mitosis
-1
§§
meiosis
PROCESS :
-
⑤ DNA unwinds and Unzips → DNA
f replication
.
② H bonds between complementary bases break
§ organelie
.
③ catalyzed the enzyme helicase Ewtn
+
I
by replication
④ free DNA nucleotides in nucleus will lie next to their
8 complementary base . [A -
T and G -
c ]
0 ⑤ H bonds form between
complementary bases and sugar phosphate backbone reforms
.( the leading strand
'
⑥
' '
DNA can only replicate in the 5 to 3 direction b- strand is called the
and nucleotides are laid down )
g. n, , , , ,n , ,, , , , , , ,n , ,
in a
.gg , nggyana.nu
continuous manner
, , , , ,, , , , , , , , .mn , , , , ,n,nµ,
manner .
lie in
fragments )
A T A T A T
y y | | -4
- -
-
-
" ""
"
"
" " ^
T " →
" "
C G C G- ' a
C a G C
a
-
→
replication G C -
G C-
-
G C
fork
-
- G C - C, C -
G C
original new
=
new
-
2 new identical DNA strands
PCR Technology
:
↳ polymerase chain reaction
biotechnology process used to amplify a sample of DNA
-
.
why?=
1 .
Forensics to make more DNA found at a crime scene .
amplify genes to be used
2. In recombant
technology .
3. Inexpensive and fast .
?⃝
?⃝
