HTHRHSC 5900 Midterm 2 Certification Exam Example Questions And Answers.

questionnaire - correct answer written instrument, inexpensive, may not respond/lie/wrong interpretation close-ended questionnaire - correct answer easy to do and interpret, quick, may lie/can't elaborate/misleading -dichotomous - yes/no -mult. choice -rank order - to what degree do you agree? -likert scale - 4+ graded responses open ended questionnaire - correct answer -can formulate/verbalize -qualitative, can explain, answers not limited -less time to make, more time to read interviews - correct answer -verbal communication -face to face/telephone, structured/unstructured -individual or group -face to face, no waiting, follow ups, body language, can clarify -time consuming, smaller size, have to keep bias out observation - correct answer -human beh./interactional- videotapes/TV/advertisements -inanimate items: space/layout/equipment/environments -natural responses, comfy environments, actions don't lie, unanticipated -may be different if knowingly under observation bio/physiological measurements - correct answer -measuring things by taking blood/urine/hair -using equipment - measurements recorded as research data weight/blood pressure/temp -fast, objective, time consuming for gold standard, expensive, can't always have gold standard records and available data - correct answer -retrospective, data already exists -materials and medical records, databases, print & broadcast materials -saves time, don't have to do it yourself -outdated, don't know how was calculated study variables - correct answer outcome (dependent variable), intervening (confounding variable), explanatory/manipulated (independent variable) measurement - correct answer translation of observation into numbers reliability - correct answer reproducibility of results (if worker is reliable one week, will likely be again the next) validity - correct answer accuracy (if the information is valid, then it is also correct and accurate) amount of measurement error (usually not very much) practicality - correct answer reasonable (can't always use gold standards) applicability - correct answer situational (if you have to apply something to a situation, also applicable) test-retest - correct answer -same test given twice, correlate results -intra-observer/rater reliability, correlate ratings internal consistency - correct answer -extent to which the questions or tasks on a test are similar ('hang together') -on mult. item measures -correlate items to each other -chronbach's alpha ex. entire class age, clutter's makes less reliable inter-observer (inter-rater) - correct answer degree of agreement between/among separate raters (want to make sure panel of judges all judging the same way) face/content validity - correct answer extent to which it measures what it is supposed to measure -expert panel -compare to similar measure -statistical testing sensitive - correct answer test positive for having disease (true positives, false pos = low sensitivity) specific - correct answer test negative for lack of disease (true negatives) predictive validity - correct answer ability of a test to predict future test results constitutive variable definition - correct answer dictionary definiton operational variable definition - correct answer how it will be measured in the study (ex. pain measure chart / rating system) categorical levels of measurement - correct answer nominal and ordinal continuous levels of measurement - correct answer interval and ratio nominal - correct answer mutually exclusive categories with no order. assignment is arbitrary and done for identification purposes only (ex. eye color) ordinal - correct answer mutually exclusive categories with ranking of phenomena, a fixed order but not equally spacing between them (ex. highest level of education) interval - correct answer ordered measure with equal spacing between variables, 0 point arbitrary and does not mean absence of (ex. IQ) ratio - correct answer ordered measure with equal spacing between variable, highest level of measurement because of absolute 0 (ex. weight) descriptive statistics - correct answer to make it make sense -aggregate data, summarize data, describe what is normal, provide a profile, describe characteristics characteristics described by level of measurement - correct answer categorical (nominal and ordinal); continuous (interval and ratio) ratios - correct answer relates one set to another (male: female) proportions - correct answer one set over the total (males / (males + females) percentages - correct answer proportions to percentages (male %, female %) rates - correct answer incidence (number of new cases reported within a time period); prevalence (proportion of cases at a specific time) central tendency - correct answer mean, median, mode dispersion variability - correct answer range, interquartile range, variance, standard deviation normal distribution - correct answer bell shaped and symmetric about mean, mean median and mode all equal 68% within one 95% within two (1.96) 99% within three standard error - correct answer indicates how precise a single estimate of the statistic would be, upholds confidence interval point estimate - correct answer single number determined by sample statistic (second one should not be equal to first) confidence interval - correct answer determine range that holds true population parameter, based on standard error inferential statistics - correct answer test hypotheses, generalize from sample to population null hypothesis - correct answer states effect or relationship is zero (not what researcher expects or hopes to find) alternative hypothesis - correct answer states effect or relationship is not zero, larger than expected by chance (could be more than one) type I error - correct answer claiming effect and rejecting null when there is no effect type II error - correct answer not claiming effect and failing to reject null when there is an effect a priori significance level - correct answer chance willing to take in making mistake in rejecting the null (common is .05) p-value - correct answer actual result of test, compared to a priori to make decision significant if p .05 correlation - correct answer expresses degree (magnitude) and direction (pos/neg) of relationship pearson correlation coefficient - correct answer measures linear association between two interval level variables spearman correlation coefficient - correct answer less precise, measures association if one or both of the variables are ordinal level of measure (ex. data with age groups) correlation coefficient - correct answer -1 (inverse) to +1 (direct), 0 = no correlation, not "cause and effect" scatterplot - correct answer helps assess reasonableness of linearity assumption and to identify outliers to find correlation - correct answer pearson or s