HCC Final A&P 1 Exam Questions &
Answers 2024/2025
1. chemical (atom) (lowest level)
2. cellular level (cells)
3. tissue level (tissue)
4. organ level (organs)
5. organ system level (organ system)
6. organism level (organism, human) - ANSWERSName the levels of organization of the human body in
decreasing to increasing order.
homeostasis - ANSWERSWhat is the existence of a stable internal environment. The goal of physiological
regulation and the key to survival in a changing environment?
11 organ systems - ANSWERSHow many organ systems do humans have?
1. acidic
2. It contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. - ANSWERSA solution with a pH below 7 is what?
What does this mean?
1. basic or alkaline
2. It has more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. - ANSWERSA solution with a pH above 7 is what?
What does this mean?
7.35 to 7.45 - ANSWERSWhat is the normal pH of blood ranges?
buffer - ANSWERSWhat are compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or replacing
hydrogen ions?
,1. buffer system
2. carbonic acid-bicarbonate system - ANSWERS1. What resists abrupt and large changes in the pH of the
body fluids? Usually consist of a weak acid and a weak base.
2. Name an example.
1. distance
2. molecule size
3. temperature
4. concentration gradient
5. electrical forces
6. diffusion across plasma membranes - ANSWERSWhat factors affect the rate of diffusion?
can be simple or channel mediated - ANSWERSHow does diffusion across plasma membranes affect the
rate of diffusion?
simple diffusion - ANSWERSWhat are materials that diffuse through plasma membrane through lipid-
soluble compounds (alcohols, fatty acids, steroids) and dissolved gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide)?
osmosis - ANSWERS*What is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane?
*What type of diffusion has more solute molecules, lower concentration of water molecules?
*What type of diffusion has a membrane that must be freely permeable to water, selectively permeable
to solutes?
*What type of diffusion has water molecules diffuse across membrane toward solution with more
solutes?
*What type of diffusion has volume increase on the side with more solutes?
isotonic (iso=same, tonos=tension) - ANSWERSWhat is a solution that does not cause osmotic flow of
water in or out of a cell?
,hypotonic (hypo=below, tonos=tension) - ANSWERSWhat has less solutes and loses water through
osmosis?
hypertonic (hyper=above, tonos=tension) - ANSWERSWhat has more solutes and gains water by
osmosis?
1. hypotonic solution
2. ruptures (hemolysis of red blood cells) - ANSWERSWhat type of solution is a cell that gains water?
What happens?
1. hypertonic solution
2. shrinks (crenation of red blood cells) - ANSWERSWhat type of solution loses water?
What happens?
hypertonic solution - ANSWERSWhat type of solution causes crenation of red blood cells?
hypotonic solution - ANSWERSWhat type of solution causes hemolysis of red blood cells?
1. cytoskeleton
2. microvilli
3. centrioles
4. cilia
5. ribosomes
6. proteasomes - ANSWERSName non-membranous organelles.
1. endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
2. Golgi apparatus
3. lysosomes
4. peroxisomes
, 5. mitochondria - ANSWERSName membranous organelles.
non-membranous organelles - ANSWERSWhat type of organelle has no direct contact with cytosol?
membranous organelles - ANSWERSWhat type of organelle is isolated from cytosol?
microtubules - ANSWERS*What cytoskeleton is large, hollow tubes of tubulin?
*What cytoskeleton attaches to centrosome?
*What cytoskeleton strengthens cell and anchor organelles?
*What cytoskeleton changes cell shape?
*What cytoskeleton moves vesicles within cell (kinesin and dynein)?
centrioles - ANSWERS*What forms spindle apparatus (mitotic spindle) during cell division?
*What organelle is capable of cell division and the centrosome surrounds a pair of cylindrical structures.
*What organelle produces an arrangement of 9 microtubule triplets (9+0 array)?
ribosomes - ANSWERSWhat organelle builds polypeptides in protein synthesis?
1. free ribosomes
2. fixed ribosomes - ANSWERSName two types of ribosomes.
free ribosomes - ANSWERSWhat ribosome is in the cytoplasm and manufactures protein for cells?
fixed ribosomes - ANSWERSWhat ribosome is attached to ER and manufactures protein for secretion?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) - ANSWERSWhat organelle has functions:
1. Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids.
2. Storage of synthesized molecules and materials.
3. Transport of materials within the ER.
Answers 2024/2025
1. chemical (atom) (lowest level)
2. cellular level (cells)
3. tissue level (tissue)
4. organ level (organs)
5. organ system level (organ system)
6. organism level (organism, human) - ANSWERSName the levels of organization of the human body in
decreasing to increasing order.
homeostasis - ANSWERSWhat is the existence of a stable internal environment. The goal of physiological
regulation and the key to survival in a changing environment?
11 organ systems - ANSWERSHow many organ systems do humans have?
1. acidic
2. It contains more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions. - ANSWERSA solution with a pH below 7 is what?
What does this mean?
1. basic or alkaline
2. It has more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions. - ANSWERSA solution with a pH above 7 is what?
What does this mean?
7.35 to 7.45 - ANSWERSWhat is the normal pH of blood ranges?
buffer - ANSWERSWhat are compounds that stabilize the pH of a solution by removing or replacing
hydrogen ions?
,1. buffer system
2. carbonic acid-bicarbonate system - ANSWERS1. What resists abrupt and large changes in the pH of the
body fluids? Usually consist of a weak acid and a weak base.
2. Name an example.
1. distance
2. molecule size
3. temperature
4. concentration gradient
5. electrical forces
6. diffusion across plasma membranes - ANSWERSWhat factors affect the rate of diffusion?
can be simple or channel mediated - ANSWERSHow does diffusion across plasma membranes affect the
rate of diffusion?
simple diffusion - ANSWERSWhat are materials that diffuse through plasma membrane through lipid-
soluble compounds (alcohols, fatty acids, steroids) and dissolved gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide)?
osmosis - ANSWERS*What is the diffusion of water across the cell membrane?
*What type of diffusion has more solute molecules, lower concentration of water molecules?
*What type of diffusion has a membrane that must be freely permeable to water, selectively permeable
to solutes?
*What type of diffusion has water molecules diffuse across membrane toward solution with more
solutes?
*What type of diffusion has volume increase on the side with more solutes?
isotonic (iso=same, tonos=tension) - ANSWERSWhat is a solution that does not cause osmotic flow of
water in or out of a cell?
,hypotonic (hypo=below, tonos=tension) - ANSWERSWhat has less solutes and loses water through
osmosis?
hypertonic (hyper=above, tonos=tension) - ANSWERSWhat has more solutes and gains water by
osmosis?
1. hypotonic solution
2. ruptures (hemolysis of red blood cells) - ANSWERSWhat type of solution is a cell that gains water?
What happens?
1. hypertonic solution
2. shrinks (crenation of red blood cells) - ANSWERSWhat type of solution loses water?
What happens?
hypertonic solution - ANSWERSWhat type of solution causes crenation of red blood cells?
hypotonic solution - ANSWERSWhat type of solution causes hemolysis of red blood cells?
1. cytoskeleton
2. microvilli
3. centrioles
4. cilia
5. ribosomes
6. proteasomes - ANSWERSName non-membranous organelles.
1. endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
2. Golgi apparatus
3. lysosomes
4. peroxisomes
, 5. mitochondria - ANSWERSName membranous organelles.
non-membranous organelles - ANSWERSWhat type of organelle has no direct contact with cytosol?
membranous organelles - ANSWERSWhat type of organelle is isolated from cytosol?
microtubules - ANSWERS*What cytoskeleton is large, hollow tubes of tubulin?
*What cytoskeleton attaches to centrosome?
*What cytoskeleton strengthens cell and anchor organelles?
*What cytoskeleton changes cell shape?
*What cytoskeleton moves vesicles within cell (kinesin and dynein)?
centrioles - ANSWERS*What forms spindle apparatus (mitotic spindle) during cell division?
*What organelle is capable of cell division and the centrosome surrounds a pair of cylindrical structures.
*What organelle produces an arrangement of 9 microtubule triplets (9+0 array)?
ribosomes - ANSWERSWhat organelle builds polypeptides in protein synthesis?
1. free ribosomes
2. fixed ribosomes - ANSWERSName two types of ribosomes.
free ribosomes - ANSWERSWhat ribosome is in the cytoplasm and manufactures protein for cells?
fixed ribosomes - ANSWERSWhat ribosome is attached to ER and manufactures protein for secretion?
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) - ANSWERSWhat organelle has functions:
1. Synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids.
2. Storage of synthesized molecules and materials.
3. Transport of materials within the ER.
