CISSN Exam 2024/2025 Questions and
Answers (Already Graded A)
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting muscle
function? - ANSWER-Vitamin D
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - ANSWER-a. Carnosine (B-
alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via an energy
dependent reaction catalyzed by carnosine synthetase
b. Found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
c. Available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide transporters
d. Antioxidant activity, (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation
e. Suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
f. Regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
g. Primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of sports
nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is suggested
that carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of H+ originating
from the dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and suppresses a loss of
force
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose? -
ANSWER-A highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water soluble and absorbed by
the gut more quickly than dextrose or maltodextrin, research has not substantiated this
claim.
b. Has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic affects to
remain, increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic
precursors - ANSWER-Gluconeogenesis relies upon
lactate
pyruvate
glycerol (a catabolic produce of triaglycerols)
certain amino acids (glutamine and alanine
,What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes? - ANSWER-
moderate consumption of both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of
type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women
Coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the development of type 2 diabetes.
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? - ANSWER-a. The
major finding of this investigation was that whey protein isolate supplementation
attenuated the impairment in isometric and isokinetic muscle forces during recovery
from exercise-induced muscle injury.
b. The current study demonstrates that whey protein in a partially hydrolysed (pre-
digested) form improves strength recovery rates, possibly due to an increase in the rate
of repair processes and/or a reduction in the extent of damage, from intense training, in
particular, eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training.
What is a Bod-Pod - ANSWER-A body composition recording device that uses Air
Displacement Plethysmography.
Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what conditions does
one fuel source predominate over the other - ANSWER-a. Fat oxidation primarily occurs
at low intensity long duration exercise
b. Carbohydrates are oxidized preferentially during higher intensity exercise
What effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise performance? - ANSWER-
a. positively affect exercise performance through favorable lactate and preferential fatty
acid substrate metabolism
b. increase power, force, and maintenance
Chronic heavy resistance training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle -
ANSWER-a. Increase in muscle strength and size (hypertrophy)
b. Greater increase in type II muscle fibers
c. Shift in fiber type IIx to IIa
Regular aerobic training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle - ANSWER-a.
Increased oxidative capacity, increased number and size of mitochondria, increase in
enzymes of metabolic pathways involved in oxidative metabolism
i. Succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, (krebs cycle tricarboxylic acid
cycle)
b. Induces a shift toward lipid metabolism transition from IIX to IIa
, What has the greatest effect on the sedentary person's daily energy expenditure -
ANSWER-Resting Metabolic Rate
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the predominant fuel
source during distance running? - ANSWER-Fat
How many extra kcals are required for accumulation of 1kg of body fat? - ANSWER-
Approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and performance -
ANSWER-Decreased thermoregulation and performance.
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-exhaustion
and dehydration stress? - ANSWER-AG supplementation provids a significant
ergogenic benefit by:
increasing time to exhaustion during a mild hydration stress.
This ergogenic effect was likely mediated by an enhanced fluid and electrolyte uptake.
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical activity. -
ANSWER-Decreased glycogen synthesis
decreased performance
overreaching/ overtraining.
Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully acclimate to
exercising in the heat? - ANSWER-Complete acclimation takes up to 14 days
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a period of 4 weeks? -
ANSWER-a. Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an end product of leucine
metabolism in human tissues such as muscle and connective tissue. According to the
clinical and experimental studies, HICA can be considered as an anti-catabolic
substance. The present study investigated the effects of HICA supplementation on body
composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and physical performance of
athletes during a training period.
b. a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small increases in muscle
mass during an intensive training period in soccer athletes.
What activities or sports use ATP-PCr energy system as the main energy system? -
ANSWER-Short, high intensity sports.
I.E. sprinting, power lifting, high-jump, long-jump
Answers (Already Graded A)
Based on recent studies, which vitamin shows evidence of positively affecting muscle
function? - ANSWER-Vitamin D
Explain how carnosine is synthesized within the body - ANSWER-a. Carnosine (B-
alanyl Histidine) is made in the body from histidine and B-alanine via an energy
dependent reaction catalyzed by carnosine synthetase
b. Found in skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, brain, kidney, and stomach
c. Available in meats and absorbed in intestine via peptide transporters
d. Antioxidant activity, (hydroxyl and superoxide radical) and oppose glycation
e. Suppress lipid peroxidation and react with protein carbonyl
f. Regulates intracellular calcium and contractility in muscle
g. Primarily, carnosine with pH buffering capacity is widely used in the field of sports
nutrition. Because the dissociation exponent (pKa) of carnosine is 6.83, it is suggested
that carnosine attenuates the reduction in blood pH by a large amount of H+ originating
from the dissociation of lactic acid during strenuous exercise, and suppresses a loss of
force
What is a waxy maize starch and what effect does it have on blood glucose? -
ANSWER-A highly branched starch called amylopectin. Water soluble and absorbed by
the gut more quickly than dextrose or maltodextrin, research has not substantiated this
claim.
b. Has been shown to be absorbed with less insulin, allowing ketogenic affects to
remain, increase both glycogen and FFA substrate utilization
What is needed for gluconeogenesis in humans? Give examples of gluconeogenic
precursors - ANSWER-Gluconeogenesis relies upon
lactate
pyruvate
glycerol (a catabolic produce of triaglycerols)
certain amino acids (glutamine and alanine
,What effect does long-term coffee consumption have on Type II Diabetes? - ANSWER-
moderate consumption of both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee may lower risk of
type 2 diabetes in younger and middle-aged women
Coffee constituents other than caffeine may affect the development of type 2 diabetes.
What effect does supplementing with WPI have on muscle damage? - ANSWER-a. The
major finding of this investigation was that whey protein isolate supplementation
attenuated the impairment in isometric and isokinetic muscle forces during recovery
from exercise-induced muscle injury.
b. The current study demonstrates that whey protein in a partially hydrolysed (pre-
digested) form improves strength recovery rates, possibly due to an increase in the rate
of repair processes and/or a reduction in the extent of damage, from intense training, in
particular, eccentric exercise that is commonly used in weight training.
What is a Bod-Pod - ANSWER-A body composition recording device that uses Air
Displacement Plethysmography.
Compare fat and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise. Under what conditions does
one fuel source predominate over the other - ANSWER-a. Fat oxidation primarily occurs
at low intensity long duration exercise
b. Carbohydrates are oxidized preferentially during higher intensity exercise
What effect does betaine supplementation have on exercise performance? - ANSWER-
a. positively affect exercise performance through favorable lactate and preferential fatty
acid substrate metabolism
b. increase power, force, and maintenance
Chronic heavy resistance training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle -
ANSWER-a. Increase in muscle strength and size (hypertrophy)
b. Greater increase in type II muscle fibers
c. Shift in fiber type IIx to IIa
Regular aerobic training causes what adaptations in skeletal muscle - ANSWER-a.
Increased oxidative capacity, increased number and size of mitochondria, increase in
enzymes of metabolic pathways involved in oxidative metabolism
i. Succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, (krebs cycle tricarboxylic acid
cycle)
b. Induces a shift toward lipid metabolism transition from IIX to IIa
, What has the greatest effect on the sedentary person's daily energy expenditure -
ANSWER-Resting Metabolic Rate
When glycogen stores are depleted, what macronutrient becomes the predominant fuel
source during distance running? - ANSWER-Fat
How many extra kcals are required for accumulation of 1kg of body fat? - ANSWER-
Approximately 7000
What are the effects of pre-exercise dehydration on thermoregulation and performance -
ANSWER-Decreased thermoregulation and performance.
What are the effects of L-alanyl-L-Glutamine supplementation on time-to-exhaustion
and dehydration stress? - ANSWER-AG supplementation provids a significant
ergogenic benefit by:
increasing time to exhaustion during a mild hydration stress.
This ergogenic effect was likely mediated by an enhanced fluid and electrolyte uptake.
What effects can a low-carbohydrate diet have on prolonged physical activity. -
ANSWER-Decreased glycogen synthesis
decreased performance
overreaching/ overtraining.
Approximately how many days of heat exposure does it take to fully acclimate to
exercising in the heat? - ANSWER-Complete acclimation takes up to 14 days
What is HICA and what are the effects of its supplementation for a period of 4 weeks? -
ANSWER-a. Alfa-Hydroxy-isocaproic acid (HICA) is an end product of leucine
metabolism in human tissues such as muscle and connective tissue. According to the
clinical and experimental studies, HICA can be considered as an anti-catabolic
substance. The present study investigated the effects of HICA supplementation on body
composition, delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) and physical performance of
athletes during a training period.
b. a 4-week HICA supplementation of 1.5 g a day leads to small increases in muscle
mass during an intensive training period in soccer athletes.
What activities or sports use ATP-PCr energy system as the main energy system? -
ANSWER-Short, high intensity sports.
I.E. sprinting, power lifting, high-jump, long-jump
