HCC Final Exam Questions & Answers
2024/2025
Macronutrients - ANSWERSSubstances that you need for most of your body. Ex: proteins, fats, carbs
Micronutrients - ANSWERSminerals & vitamins you can get from food & supplements.
Phytochemicals - ANSWERSfound in green veggies & tomatoes, help fight off infection.
Kilocalorie - ANSWERSNumber on the back of your food to say how many calories are in food.
Malnutrition - ANSWERSNot getting adequate nutrition.
Sarcopenia - ANSWERSmuscle loss due to aging (upper arms & calves).
Anasarca - ANSWERSbuild up of fluid in your tissues.
Hypoalbuminemia - ANSWERShelps fluid stay in blood stream & not in tissues.
Food desert - ANSWERSarea in which it is difficult to obtain healthy foods.
Non GMO Foods - ANSWERSfood that grows naturally ex. (organic foods)
Basal Metabolic Rate - ANSWERSEnergy needed at rest to maintain life-sustaining activities for a specific
amount of time.
Resting Energy Expenditure - ANSWERSAmount of energy needed to consume over 24 hr period for the
body to maintain internal working activities while at rest.
,Things that change your metabolic needs: - ANSWERSP- pregnant
I- illness
L- lactation
A- activity level.
Each macronutrient & micronutrient has specific function - ANSWERSEffects of deficiency or excess
relate to the functions
Carbohydrate - ANSWERS4g; complex & simple saccharides - main source of energy
Protein - ANSWERS4g; amino acids - necessary for nitrogen balance
Fats - ANSWERS9g; saturates, polysaturated, & monosaturated - calorie dense
Water - ANSWERSM=15 cups
F=11 cups
cell function depends on a fluid environment
Vitamins - ANSWERSEssential for metabolism - water-soluble or fat-soluble
Minerals - ANSWERSCatalysts for enzymatic reaction; macro minerals - trace elements
Vit A - ANSWERSDeficiencies: night blindness
Excess: Loss of appetite, bone pain, hypercalcemia
Vit B1 (thiamine) - ANSWERSDeficiencies: Wernicke's encephalopathy w/ neurodegeneration
Excess: toxicity rare
, Vit B2 - ANSWERSDeficiencies: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
Excess: abnormal glucose metabolism, flushing, N/V
Vit B12 - ANSWERSDeficiencies: pernicious anemia, psychiatric disorders
Excess: unknown
Biotin - ANSWERSDeficiencies: hair loss
Excess: unknown
Vit C - ANSWERSDeficiencies: bleeding tendency, scurvy
Excess: inhibits zinc absorption, urinary stones
Vit D - ANSWERSDeficiencies: Rickets, bone disease, muscle pain, falls
Excess: hypercalcemia, renal stones, calcification of soft tissues
Copper - ANSWERSDeficiencies: anemia, skin lesions, neurological disease, bone fragility
Excess: found in Wilson's disease, neuron & liver cell death
Iron - ANSWERSDeficiencies: anemia, fatigue, poor growth
Excess: hemochromatosis (genetic) with liver, pancreas, & cardiac damage
Magnesium - ANSWERSDeficiencies: HTN, dysrhythmia, preeclampsia
Excess: increased calcium excretion
Zinc - ANSWERSDeficiencies: dermatitis, impaired taste & growth, low level of alkaline phosphate
enzyme
Excess: copper deficiency, renal damage, N/V, diarrhea.
2024/2025
Macronutrients - ANSWERSSubstances that you need for most of your body. Ex: proteins, fats, carbs
Micronutrients - ANSWERSminerals & vitamins you can get from food & supplements.
Phytochemicals - ANSWERSfound in green veggies & tomatoes, help fight off infection.
Kilocalorie - ANSWERSNumber on the back of your food to say how many calories are in food.
Malnutrition - ANSWERSNot getting adequate nutrition.
Sarcopenia - ANSWERSmuscle loss due to aging (upper arms & calves).
Anasarca - ANSWERSbuild up of fluid in your tissues.
Hypoalbuminemia - ANSWERShelps fluid stay in blood stream & not in tissues.
Food desert - ANSWERSarea in which it is difficult to obtain healthy foods.
Non GMO Foods - ANSWERSfood that grows naturally ex. (organic foods)
Basal Metabolic Rate - ANSWERSEnergy needed at rest to maintain life-sustaining activities for a specific
amount of time.
Resting Energy Expenditure - ANSWERSAmount of energy needed to consume over 24 hr period for the
body to maintain internal working activities while at rest.
,Things that change your metabolic needs: - ANSWERSP- pregnant
I- illness
L- lactation
A- activity level.
Each macronutrient & micronutrient has specific function - ANSWERSEffects of deficiency or excess
relate to the functions
Carbohydrate - ANSWERS4g; complex & simple saccharides - main source of energy
Protein - ANSWERS4g; amino acids - necessary for nitrogen balance
Fats - ANSWERS9g; saturates, polysaturated, & monosaturated - calorie dense
Water - ANSWERSM=15 cups
F=11 cups
cell function depends on a fluid environment
Vitamins - ANSWERSEssential for metabolism - water-soluble or fat-soluble
Minerals - ANSWERSCatalysts for enzymatic reaction; macro minerals - trace elements
Vit A - ANSWERSDeficiencies: night blindness
Excess: Loss of appetite, bone pain, hypercalcemia
Vit B1 (thiamine) - ANSWERSDeficiencies: Wernicke's encephalopathy w/ neurodegeneration
Excess: toxicity rare
, Vit B2 - ANSWERSDeficiencies: dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, death
Excess: abnormal glucose metabolism, flushing, N/V
Vit B12 - ANSWERSDeficiencies: pernicious anemia, psychiatric disorders
Excess: unknown
Biotin - ANSWERSDeficiencies: hair loss
Excess: unknown
Vit C - ANSWERSDeficiencies: bleeding tendency, scurvy
Excess: inhibits zinc absorption, urinary stones
Vit D - ANSWERSDeficiencies: Rickets, bone disease, muscle pain, falls
Excess: hypercalcemia, renal stones, calcification of soft tissues
Copper - ANSWERSDeficiencies: anemia, skin lesions, neurological disease, bone fragility
Excess: found in Wilson's disease, neuron & liver cell death
Iron - ANSWERSDeficiencies: anemia, fatigue, poor growth
Excess: hemochromatosis (genetic) with liver, pancreas, & cardiac damage
Magnesium - ANSWERSDeficiencies: HTN, dysrhythmia, preeclampsia
Excess: increased calcium excretion
Zinc - ANSWERSDeficiencies: dermatitis, impaired taste & growth, low level of alkaline phosphate
enzyme
Excess: copper deficiency, renal damage, N/V, diarrhea.
