PTA NPTE Exam Cardiovascular Pulmonary
Apex- lowest part of heart formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle
Base - Upper border of heart involving the LA, RA and proximal greater vessels
Endocardium - The endothelial tissues lining the interior chambers and valves
Myocardium - The thick contractile middle layer of muscle cells that form the bulk of the
wall
Epicardium - ANSWER Serous layer of pericardium containing the epicardial coronary
arteries and veins, autonomic nerves and lymphatics
Pericardium - ANSWER Double walled connective tissue sac surrounding the outside of
the heart and the great vessels
Aorta - ANSWER Largest artery and central conduit of blood from the heart to the body.
Originates in the upper left ventricle, descends into the thorax-thoracic aorta, then into
the abdominal cavity-abdominal aorta
Superior vena cava - ANSWER Vein returns venous blood from the head neck arms to
the R atrium
Inferior vena cava - ANSWER Vein returns blood from the lower body to RA
Pulmonary Arteries - ANSWER carry deoxygenated blood to the R ventricle and L and R
lungs
,Pulmonary veins - ANSWER Cary oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Blood Flow path- ANWER Venous blood from Superior and Inferior vena cava enters RA,
Tricuspid valve, Closes, RV contracts into pulmonary valve, trunk, then arteries to RL
lungs, Oxygenated blood returns to LA, Mitral valve, LV contraction to the aortic valve,
body
Sinoatrial node- ANWER pacemaker of the heart and part of the cardiac conduction
system along with the Atrioventricular node
Barorecepter Reflex - ANSWER Mechanoreceptors that detect change in pressure
Bainbridge reflex - ANSWER Are on the walls of the RA and when stretched by venous
return increase heart rate
chemoreceptor reflex - ANSWER chemosensitive cells in the corotid bodies and aortic
bodies respond to changes in ph and blood oxygen
Valsalva maneuver - ANSWER increased intrathoracic pressure, central venous
pressure, and decreased venous return which results in decrease cardiac output and
blood pressure and increases heart rate
Atrial Systole - ANSWER contraction of the R/L atria pushing blood into the ventricles
Atrial Diastole - ANSWER Period between atrial contractions in which the atria are
repolarizing
Ventricular systole - ANSWER Contraction of the R/L ventricles pushing blood into the
pulmonary arteries and aorta
, ventricular Diastole - ANSWER period between contractions when ventricles are
repolarizing
Preload - ANSWER Tension in the ventricular walls at the end of diastole. Reflects
venous filling pressure that fills the left ventricle during diastole
Afterload - ANSWER Forces that impede blood flow out of the heart
ex. viscocity of blood, compliance of aorta
Stroke Volume + norms - ANSWER Volume of blood ejected from the Left Ventricle
Normal is 60-80 ml
Cardiac output + norms - ANSWER Amount of blood pumped from the L or R ventricle
per minute.
SV x HR = CO
normal is 4.5-5L for men, can increase to 25ml during exercise
Venous return - ANSWER Blood returning to the R atrium each minute similar to value of
CO
White Blood Cells Types - ANSWER Neutrophils: Help protect body agianst infections by
ingesting bacteria
Lymphocytes: 3 kinds, T that are natural killer cells agianst viral infections and cancer
cells, B lympcytes that produce antibodies
Monocytes: Ingest dead or damaged cells
Apex- lowest part of heart formed by the inferolateral part of the left ventricle
Base - Upper border of heart involving the LA, RA and proximal greater vessels
Endocardium - The endothelial tissues lining the interior chambers and valves
Myocardium - The thick contractile middle layer of muscle cells that form the bulk of the
wall
Epicardium - ANSWER Serous layer of pericardium containing the epicardial coronary
arteries and veins, autonomic nerves and lymphatics
Pericardium - ANSWER Double walled connective tissue sac surrounding the outside of
the heart and the great vessels
Aorta - ANSWER Largest artery and central conduit of blood from the heart to the body.
Originates in the upper left ventricle, descends into the thorax-thoracic aorta, then into
the abdominal cavity-abdominal aorta
Superior vena cava - ANSWER Vein returns venous blood from the head neck arms to
the R atrium
Inferior vena cava - ANSWER Vein returns blood from the lower body to RA
Pulmonary Arteries - ANSWER carry deoxygenated blood to the R ventricle and L and R
lungs
,Pulmonary veins - ANSWER Cary oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium
Blood Flow path- ANWER Venous blood from Superior and Inferior vena cava enters RA,
Tricuspid valve, Closes, RV contracts into pulmonary valve, trunk, then arteries to RL
lungs, Oxygenated blood returns to LA, Mitral valve, LV contraction to the aortic valve,
body
Sinoatrial node- ANWER pacemaker of the heart and part of the cardiac conduction
system along with the Atrioventricular node
Barorecepter Reflex - ANSWER Mechanoreceptors that detect change in pressure
Bainbridge reflex - ANSWER Are on the walls of the RA and when stretched by venous
return increase heart rate
chemoreceptor reflex - ANSWER chemosensitive cells in the corotid bodies and aortic
bodies respond to changes in ph and blood oxygen
Valsalva maneuver - ANSWER increased intrathoracic pressure, central venous
pressure, and decreased venous return which results in decrease cardiac output and
blood pressure and increases heart rate
Atrial Systole - ANSWER contraction of the R/L atria pushing blood into the ventricles
Atrial Diastole - ANSWER Period between atrial contractions in which the atria are
repolarizing
Ventricular systole - ANSWER Contraction of the R/L ventricles pushing blood into the
pulmonary arteries and aorta
, ventricular Diastole - ANSWER period between contractions when ventricles are
repolarizing
Preload - ANSWER Tension in the ventricular walls at the end of diastole. Reflects
venous filling pressure that fills the left ventricle during diastole
Afterload - ANSWER Forces that impede blood flow out of the heart
ex. viscocity of blood, compliance of aorta
Stroke Volume + norms - ANSWER Volume of blood ejected from the Left Ventricle
Normal is 60-80 ml
Cardiac output + norms - ANSWER Amount of blood pumped from the L or R ventricle
per minute.
SV x HR = CO
normal is 4.5-5L for men, can increase to 25ml during exercise
Venous return - ANSWER Blood returning to the R atrium each minute similar to value of
CO
White Blood Cells Types - ANSWER Neutrophils: Help protect body agianst infections by
ingesting bacteria
Lymphocytes: 3 kinds, T that are natural killer cells agianst viral infections and cancer
cells, B lympcytes that produce antibodies
Monocytes: Ingest dead or damaged cells
