BNNS501 exam 2 study guide with complete solutions

BNNS501 exam 2 study guide with complete solutions pulmonary circulation - Ans:-carries deoxygenated blood from right side of heart via pulmonary trunk to lungs, then returns o2 blood to left side of the heart via pulmonary veins Systemic circulation - Ans:-Carries o2 blood from left side of the heart to all parts of the body (except lungs) via aorta and returns co2 blood back to right side of the body via vena cava coronary circulation - Ans:-circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue (myocardium) Pericardium - Ans:-Superficial layer of the heart. Protects heart because of tough, dense, inflexible connective tissue. Stops heart from overfilling anchors heart to surrounding structures. Has two layers (partienal and visceral) Myocardium - Ans:-Middle layer of heart. Cardiac muscle that pumps blood endocardium - Ans:-Deepest layer of heart. Thin, shiny, smooth lining that covers heart valves. Has thin connective layer underneath and minimising surface friction as blood flows through the heart. ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 2/17 3x functions of blood - Ans:-1. Transport (o2&co2 to and from lungs, nutrients from GI tract to tissues, wastes from cells to kidneys, hormones from glands to organs) 2. Regulation (pH levels, body temp, h2o levels) 3. Protections (Antibodies and WBC destroy pathogens, Haemostasis prevents blood loss) Hormone responsible for RBC production? (erythropoiesis) - Ans:-Erythropoeitin (EPO) Name of immature RBC - Ans:-reticulocyte Neutrophils - Ans:-Located in blood. Most abundant type of WBC (40-70%) engulfs pathogens via phagocytosis and responds aggressively toward bacteria. Lymphocytes - Ans:-Located in lymphatic system. Identifies and coordinates immune response to antigens by creating antibodies. Attacks tumours and viruses. Includes: T-cells, B-cells and natural killer cells. Monocytes - Ans:-produced in the bone marrow, enter the circulation, and migrate to the inflammatory site, where they develop into macrophages. Largest type of WBC, act as phagocytes. Macrophages - Ans:-Found in blood and tissues. Detection and destruction of pathogens, are phagocytes. ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 3/17 Eosinophils - Ans:-Found in gut, adipose tissue, bone marrow and thymus. Combat parasites and helminths. Involved in allergic response. Basophils - Ans:-Found in blood. Key in inflammatory reactions, produces histamines Location of WBC - Ans:-Blood vessels, lymphathic system, skin, lungs, spleen Clotting Factor - Ans:-Inactive blood proteins which rapidly become active enzymes when needed 3x functions of platelets - Ans:-1. Releases chemicals that promote blood clotting 2. Aggregate other platelets 3. Helps prevent blood loss by forming platelet plug in damaged tissue Fibrinolysis - Ans:-Process of dissolving a clot and prevents blood vessels from clotting innappropriatly extrinsic pathway - Ans:-clotting cascade. Triggered by factors following exposed blood to damaged tissue OUTSIDE blood vessel. intrinsic pathway - Ans:-clotting cascade. Triggered by factors following damaged tissue INSIDE lumen of blood vessel Common Pathway - Ans:-final coagulation pathway activated either by the intrinsic or the extrinsic pathway, and ending in the formation of a blood clot ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 4/17 Haemostasis - Ans:-rapid prevention of bleeding in damaged blood vessels Warfarin - Ans:-Anticoagulant that inhibits vitamin K Heparin - Ans:-Natural anticoagulant that inhibits thrombin Vitamin K - Ans:-needed to synthesis some clotting factors ca2+ - Ans:-Non-enzymatic clotting factor Vascular Spasm - Ans:-Stage 1 of haemostasis. Narrows blood vessels to restrict blood flow and prevent blood loss Platelet plug formation - Ans:-Stage 2 of haemostasis. Seals damaged area in the blood vessel temporarily to prevent blood loss. Coagulation - Ans:-Stage 3 of haemostasis. Forms a stable clot to secure the platelet plug, prevents blood loss and enables time for tissue repair. Caused by Venous Stasis - Ans:-Thrombosis Average blood volume for adult males - Ans:-5-6L Average blood volume for adult females - Ans:-4-5L Chordae Tendineae - Ans:-Prevents back flow of blood into RA ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 5/17 coronary arteries - Ans:-Supplies the heart with o2 blood and nutrients Coronary Sinus - Ans:-Empties deoxygenated blood from the heart muscle into the RA Papillary muscles - Ans:-Pull on the chord tendineae to prevent the collapse of AV valves. Purpose of heart - Ans:-Centre of the circulation system. Pumps blood, o2 nutrients and hormones around the body and removes co2 and wastes Function of heart valves - Ans:-Prevents backflow of blood. S1 heart sounds - Ans:-Caused by the contraction (systole) of ventricles and closing of AV valves. "lub" sound. S2 heart sounds - Ans:-Caused by ventricles relaxing and the closing of SL valves. "Dub" sound. Coronary veins - Ans:-removes co2 and waste products from heart 2x main arches of the left coronary artery - Ans:-1. Circumflex 2. Left anterior descending artery Depolarise - Ans:-contracting repolarise - Ans:-relaxing ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 6/17 P wave - Ans:-Electrical: SA node causes atrium to contract (atrial depolarisation) Mechanical: Artia in systole, ventricles in diastole QRS complex - Ans:-Electrical: ventricles depolarise and aria repolarise Mechanical: Ventricles in systole, artia is diastole T wave - Ans:-Electrical: Ventricles repolarise Mechanical: Artia and ventricles both in diastole Systole - Ans:-Contraction of the heart Diastole - Ans:-Relaxation of the heart Normal heart rate - Ans:-60-100bpm Arteries - Ans:-carry blood away from heart. Have a large lumen to stretch and recall to accommodate high pressure. Arterioles - Ans:-carry blood away from heart to capillary network. Are a major influencer of peripheral resistance Capillaries - Ans:-Microscopic vessels that are the site of nutrient and gas exchange. Have thin walls for diffusion. ©GRACEAMELIA 2024/2025 ACADEMIC YEAR. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FIRST PUBLISH OCTOBER 2024 Page 7/17 Venules - Ans:-Carry blood towards heart. Transports blood into veins . Lined with endothelial cells and some smooth cells Veins - Ans:-Carry blood towards heart, reservoir for when BP drops. Thin walled and have one way valves. Contraction of skeletal muscles helps with blood flow. Peripheral vascular resistance - Ans:-The resistance to blood flow caused by friction between blood and the vessel wall. I.E. the thinner the vessel in diameter = greater resistance. Blood vessel that is a major influence of PVR - Ans:-Arterioles Cardiac control centre - Ans:-Medulla oblongata in brain stem. Increas