NSCI 175 Exam3
Draw a diagram to compare the pattern of neural communication between neurons of the secretory
hypothalamus, network of neurons of the ANS, and diffuse modulatory systems - Answer-Hormones
have more widespread effects in the brain and body, can target many sites in the body, and have often
longer lasting effects compared to traditional neurotransmitters.
- networks of interconnected neurons of the ANS can work together to activate tissues all over the body
- diffuse modulatory systems extend their reach with widely divergent axonal projections
- sensory and motor systems use point to point connection instead
Secretory Hypothalamus - Answer-By secreting chemicals directly into the bloodstream, the secretory
hypothalamus can influence functions throughout both the brain and the body
Autonomic Nervous System - Answer-(controlled neutrally by the hypothalamus). It has extensive
interconnections within the body, the ANS simultaneously controls the responses of many internal
organs, blood vessels, and glands.
Central Nervous System - Answer-Only found in CNS and consists of related cell groups that differ with
respect to the neurotransmitter they use. Cell groups extend their spatial reach with highly divergent
axonal projections and prolong their actions by using metabotropic postsynaptic receptors.
-Known as the diffuse modulatory system of the brain. It is believed to regulate levels of arousal and
mood.
Homeostasis - Answer-Maintenance of body's internal environment within a narrow physiological range
,-Also involves temperature regulation: sweat, shunt blood to surface tissues where heat can radiate
away, move to shade, seek water, etc
Interaction of the hypothalamus and homeostasis - Answer--The hypothalamus integrates somatic and
visceral responses in accordance with the needs of the brain.
-A tiny lesion in the hypothalamus can produce dramatic and often fatal disruptions of widely dispersed
bodily functions.
-Temperature sensitive cells in the hypothalamus detect changes in brain temperature and orchestrate
the appropriate responses
True or False: Negative feedback systems are the primary homeostatic mechanisms - Answer-True
Set zone - Answer-The range of tolerance in a system
Redundancy - Answer-Physiological systems show redundancy—they are monitored by more than one
mechanism
Hypothalamic control of the posterior pituitary - Answer-- magnocellular cells (largest of the
neurosecretory cells) extend axons down the stalk of the pituitary and into the posterior lobe
Oxycotin - Answer-Neurohormone that controls lactation, suppress hypothalamic function, "love"
hormone
-Released by the magnocellular neurosecratory cells of the hypothalamus
-causes life long bonds in prairie voles
Vasopressin (aka ADH) - Answer-Released by magnocellular neurosecratory cells of the posterior
pituitary & synthesized by hypothalamus - regulates blood volume and salt concentration
-Lead to water retention and decreased urine output
**triggered by renin from kidney
,- angiotensin II increases blood pressure
Angiotensin II detected by subfornical organ cells in the lateral hypothalamus produces thirst
Vasopressin & Oxytocin Receptors are expressed in the _____________ pathway - Answer-Reward
-The Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) is part of the reward pathway
Which part of the pituitary (anterior or posterior) is considered a true endocrince gland? Why? -
Answer-The anterior lobe of the pituitary is an actual gland. The cells of the anterior lobe synthesize and
secrete a wide range of hormones that regulate secretions from other glands throughout the body.
- acts on the gonads, thyroid, adrenal glands
Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary - Answer-•Controlled by parvocellular neurosecretory
cells that communicate with targets via the bloodstream
•Secrete hypophysiotropic hormones
•Hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation
•Pituitary cells secrete or stop secreting hormones.
-Parvo cells communicate with targets via bloodstream bc axons do not extend all the way down
- they secrete hypophysiotropic hormones into a unique specialized capillary bed on the third floor of
the ventricle
Hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation - Answer--network of tiny blood vessels that run down the
stalk of the pituitary and branch in the anterior lobe
-hypophysiotropic hormones secreted by the hypothalamic neurons into the portal circulation travel
downstream until they bind to specific receptors on the surface of pituitary cells
- activation of these receptors either causes the pituitary to secrete or stop secreting
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) - Answer-Controls development of ovarian follicles, and sperm
production
, -Targets Gonads
LH (luteinizing hormone) - Answer-A hormone that causes maturation of the testes and ovaries
-Targets Gonads
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) - Answer-Stimulates secretion of thyroxin (which increases
metabolic rate)
-Targets the thyroid
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) - Answer-Stimulates secretion of cortisol by adrenal cortex (which
mobilizes energy stores and inhibits the immune system)
GH (growth hormone) - Answer-Stimulation of protein synthesis
-Targets all cells
Prolactin - Answer-Stimulates milk production
-Targets mammary glands
Stress response and the anterior pituitary - Answer-•Periventricular hypothalamus secretes CRH into
portal circulation.
•ACTH released into circulation
•ACTH stimulates cortisol release from adrenal cortex.
parvocellular neurosecretory cells - Answer-Control the adrenal cortex and determine whether a
stimulus is stressful or not
Neurons in the periventricular hypothalamus release CRH into blood to the anterior pituitary where
ACTH is released
Draw a diagram to compare the pattern of neural communication between neurons of the secretory
hypothalamus, network of neurons of the ANS, and diffuse modulatory systems - Answer-Hormones
have more widespread effects in the brain and body, can target many sites in the body, and have often
longer lasting effects compared to traditional neurotransmitters.
- networks of interconnected neurons of the ANS can work together to activate tissues all over the body
- diffuse modulatory systems extend their reach with widely divergent axonal projections
- sensory and motor systems use point to point connection instead
Secretory Hypothalamus - Answer-By secreting chemicals directly into the bloodstream, the secretory
hypothalamus can influence functions throughout both the brain and the body
Autonomic Nervous System - Answer-(controlled neutrally by the hypothalamus). It has extensive
interconnections within the body, the ANS simultaneously controls the responses of many internal
organs, blood vessels, and glands.
Central Nervous System - Answer-Only found in CNS and consists of related cell groups that differ with
respect to the neurotransmitter they use. Cell groups extend their spatial reach with highly divergent
axonal projections and prolong their actions by using metabotropic postsynaptic receptors.
-Known as the diffuse modulatory system of the brain. It is believed to regulate levels of arousal and
mood.
Homeostasis - Answer-Maintenance of body's internal environment within a narrow physiological range
,-Also involves temperature regulation: sweat, shunt blood to surface tissues where heat can radiate
away, move to shade, seek water, etc
Interaction of the hypothalamus and homeostasis - Answer--The hypothalamus integrates somatic and
visceral responses in accordance with the needs of the brain.
-A tiny lesion in the hypothalamus can produce dramatic and often fatal disruptions of widely dispersed
bodily functions.
-Temperature sensitive cells in the hypothalamus detect changes in brain temperature and orchestrate
the appropriate responses
True or False: Negative feedback systems are the primary homeostatic mechanisms - Answer-True
Set zone - Answer-The range of tolerance in a system
Redundancy - Answer-Physiological systems show redundancy—they are monitored by more than one
mechanism
Hypothalamic control of the posterior pituitary - Answer-- magnocellular cells (largest of the
neurosecretory cells) extend axons down the stalk of the pituitary and into the posterior lobe
Oxycotin - Answer-Neurohormone that controls lactation, suppress hypothalamic function, "love"
hormone
-Released by the magnocellular neurosecratory cells of the hypothalamus
-causes life long bonds in prairie voles
Vasopressin (aka ADH) - Answer-Released by magnocellular neurosecratory cells of the posterior
pituitary & synthesized by hypothalamus - regulates blood volume and salt concentration
-Lead to water retention and decreased urine output
**triggered by renin from kidney
,- angiotensin II increases blood pressure
Angiotensin II detected by subfornical organ cells in the lateral hypothalamus produces thirst
Vasopressin & Oxytocin Receptors are expressed in the _____________ pathway - Answer-Reward
-The Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) is part of the reward pathway
Which part of the pituitary (anterior or posterior) is considered a true endocrince gland? Why? -
Answer-The anterior lobe of the pituitary is an actual gland. The cells of the anterior lobe synthesize and
secrete a wide range of hormones that regulate secretions from other glands throughout the body.
- acts on the gonads, thyroid, adrenal glands
Hypothalamic Control of the Anterior Pituitary - Answer-•Controlled by parvocellular neurosecretory
cells that communicate with targets via the bloodstream
•Secrete hypophysiotropic hormones
•Hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation
•Pituitary cells secrete or stop secreting hormones.
-Parvo cells communicate with targets via bloodstream bc axons do not extend all the way down
- they secrete hypophysiotropic hormones into a unique specialized capillary bed on the third floor of
the ventricle
Hypothalamo-pituitary portal circulation - Answer--network of tiny blood vessels that run down the
stalk of the pituitary and branch in the anterior lobe
-hypophysiotropic hormones secreted by the hypothalamic neurons into the portal circulation travel
downstream until they bind to specific receptors on the surface of pituitary cells
- activation of these receptors either causes the pituitary to secrete or stop secreting
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) - Answer-Controls development of ovarian follicles, and sperm
production
, -Targets Gonads
LH (luteinizing hormone) - Answer-A hormone that causes maturation of the testes and ovaries
-Targets Gonads
TSH (thyroid stimulating hormone) - Answer-Stimulates secretion of thyroxin (which increases
metabolic rate)
-Targets the thyroid
ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone) - Answer-Stimulates secretion of cortisol by adrenal cortex (which
mobilizes energy stores and inhibits the immune system)
GH (growth hormone) - Answer-Stimulation of protein synthesis
-Targets all cells
Prolactin - Answer-Stimulates milk production
-Targets mammary glands
Stress response and the anterior pituitary - Answer-•Periventricular hypothalamus secretes CRH into
portal circulation.
•ACTH released into circulation
•ACTH stimulates cortisol release from adrenal cortex.
parvocellular neurosecretory cells - Answer-Control the adrenal cortex and determine whether a
stimulus is stressful or not
Neurons in the periventricular hypothalamus release CRH into blood to the anterior pituitary where
ACTH is released
