ADV HEME UNIT 1 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
How early do RBC precursors begin to appear in the yolk sac?
2 weeks gestation
Name the first three cell types developed during primitive hematopoiesis
Erythrocytes, Macrophages, Platelets
What additional cell begins to be developed in the fetal liver after 5 - 7
weeks gestation?
granulocytes
Name five sites where red marrow is typically found after age 18.
vertebrae- pelvis-ribs- sternum- skull bones
Name two situations that will cause hematopoiesis to switch back to the
liver/spleen (extramedullary) and list an example of each condition.
-When the bone marrow becomes dysfunctional in cases such as
aplastic anaemia, infiltration by malignant cells or over-proliferation of a
cell line
- when the bone marrow is unable to meet the demands placed on it, as
in the hemolytic anemias
Name the specific type of blood cell that develops in thymus
thymocytes (T- lymphocytes)
Identify the two surface markers that T-Lymphocytes eventually express
CD-4, CD-8
Name the lymphoid organ that primarily contains B lymphocyte
spleen
Name the other blood cells that is normally stored in the spleen
platelets
Name the first two features of a cell that should be observed in order to
identify the cell
cell size and N:C ratio
Name the only blood cell type that increases as it matures.
magakaryocyte
Name the two mature blood cells that lack a nucleus.
Thrombocytes, Erythrocytes
List the three nuclear characteristics that play a role in identification.
,chromatin pattern, nuclear shape,presence of nucleoi
Name the cell type that contains "lacy"chromatin
monocyte
List the six cytoplasmic characteristics that play a role in identification.
aining color & intensity- granulation- shape- quantity of cytoplasm-
vacuolization- inclusion bodies
State the progression of granulation in a cell as it matures
in general:progresses from nongranular to non-specific granulation to
specific granulation
Name the seven substances required for normal RBC and HGB
production
amino acids-iron-Vitamin B12-Vitamin B6-folic acid-cobalt-nickel
Which immature stage of RBCs takes in the majority of iron used for
HGB synthesis?
pronormoblast
Which immature stage of RBCs is the first to have a pink color to
cytoplasm
polychromatic
Identify two terms used to identify young reticulocytes release
prematurely from the bone marrow
stress reticulocytes- shift reticulocytes
What RBC disorder is caused by an increase production of EPO due to
lung diseases and certain types of anemia
secondary polycythemia
What behavior is often associated with secondary polycythemia?
smoking
Name two types of anemia associated with delayed maturation of the
RBC nucleus
Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia & Folic acid deficiency anemia
Which pathway is the major source of energy for RBCs
Embden-Meyerhof Glycolytic Pathway
What inclusion body if formed when the hexose monophosphate shunt
does not form enough glutathione?
Heinz bodies
What is the purpose of the Methemoglobin reductase pathway?
to prevent oxidation of heme iron
Which pathway allows buildup of 2.3DPG and affects oxygen transport?
Luebering-Rapaoport Pathway
, Name the two factors that affect oxygen affinity for hemoglobin.
- spatial rearrangement of molecule
- concentration of phosphates (ex:2,3-DPG)
What part of the hemoglobin molecule binds 2,3 DPG?
beta chains of deoxyhemoglobin
Oxygen dissociation curve: What two substances have equal
concentration in the blood at the P50 value?
deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin
What change in the oxygen disassociation curve indicates an increase in
O2 affinity for hemoglobin?
left shift
Which hemoglobin has increased affinity for O2?
hemoglobin F
Name three ways CO2 can be carried back to the lungs and briefly
explain each.
indirect transport: converted to bicarb
direct transport: binds to deoxy Hgb
transport insolution in plasma: transport in plasma
Name two body tissue that are the predominant producers of heme
- red bone marrow
- liver
What blood protein carries iron?
transferrin
What blood protein exports iron into plasma?
Ferroportion
Name the hormone that allows macrophages to recycle iron
Hepcidin
Define porphyria.
a disease of heme metabolism; primarily an abnormality in porphyrin
biosynthesis, leads to excessive accumulation and excretion of
porphyrins or precursors by biliary/ renal route
An increase in porphyria in urine will cause the urine to have what color?
wine red
Impaired porphyrin synthesis can lead to the deposition of iron inside
RBCs.What term describes these cells?
sideroblasts
Name the three embryonic hemoglobins formed in the yolk sac
Gower 1, Gower 2,Portland types
ANSWERS
How early do RBC precursors begin to appear in the yolk sac?
2 weeks gestation
Name the first three cell types developed during primitive hematopoiesis
Erythrocytes, Macrophages, Platelets
What additional cell begins to be developed in the fetal liver after 5 - 7
weeks gestation?
granulocytes
Name five sites where red marrow is typically found after age 18.
vertebrae- pelvis-ribs- sternum- skull bones
Name two situations that will cause hematopoiesis to switch back to the
liver/spleen (extramedullary) and list an example of each condition.
-When the bone marrow becomes dysfunctional in cases such as
aplastic anaemia, infiltration by malignant cells or over-proliferation of a
cell line
- when the bone marrow is unable to meet the demands placed on it, as
in the hemolytic anemias
Name the specific type of blood cell that develops in thymus
thymocytes (T- lymphocytes)
Identify the two surface markers that T-Lymphocytes eventually express
CD-4, CD-8
Name the lymphoid organ that primarily contains B lymphocyte
spleen
Name the other blood cells that is normally stored in the spleen
platelets
Name the first two features of a cell that should be observed in order to
identify the cell
cell size and N:C ratio
Name the only blood cell type that increases as it matures.
magakaryocyte
Name the two mature blood cells that lack a nucleus.
Thrombocytes, Erythrocytes
List the three nuclear characteristics that play a role in identification.
,chromatin pattern, nuclear shape,presence of nucleoi
Name the cell type that contains "lacy"chromatin
monocyte
List the six cytoplasmic characteristics that play a role in identification.
aining color & intensity- granulation- shape- quantity of cytoplasm-
vacuolization- inclusion bodies
State the progression of granulation in a cell as it matures
in general:progresses from nongranular to non-specific granulation to
specific granulation
Name the seven substances required for normal RBC and HGB
production
amino acids-iron-Vitamin B12-Vitamin B6-folic acid-cobalt-nickel
Which immature stage of RBCs takes in the majority of iron used for
HGB synthesis?
pronormoblast
Which immature stage of RBCs is the first to have a pink color to
cytoplasm
polychromatic
Identify two terms used to identify young reticulocytes release
prematurely from the bone marrow
stress reticulocytes- shift reticulocytes
What RBC disorder is caused by an increase production of EPO due to
lung diseases and certain types of anemia
secondary polycythemia
What behavior is often associated with secondary polycythemia?
smoking
Name two types of anemia associated with delayed maturation of the
RBC nucleus
Vitamin B12 deficiency anemia & Folic acid deficiency anemia
Which pathway is the major source of energy for RBCs
Embden-Meyerhof Glycolytic Pathway
What inclusion body if formed when the hexose monophosphate shunt
does not form enough glutathione?
Heinz bodies
What is the purpose of the Methemoglobin reductase pathway?
to prevent oxidation of heme iron
Which pathway allows buildup of 2.3DPG and affects oxygen transport?
Luebering-Rapaoport Pathway
, Name the two factors that affect oxygen affinity for hemoglobin.
- spatial rearrangement of molecule
- concentration of phosphates (ex:2,3-DPG)
What part of the hemoglobin molecule binds 2,3 DPG?
beta chains of deoxyhemoglobin
Oxygen dissociation curve: What two substances have equal
concentration in the blood at the P50 value?
deoxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin
What change in the oxygen disassociation curve indicates an increase in
O2 affinity for hemoglobin?
left shift
Which hemoglobin has increased affinity for O2?
hemoglobin F
Name three ways CO2 can be carried back to the lungs and briefly
explain each.
indirect transport: converted to bicarb
direct transport: binds to deoxy Hgb
transport insolution in plasma: transport in plasma
Name two body tissue that are the predominant producers of heme
- red bone marrow
- liver
What blood protein carries iron?
transferrin
What blood protein exports iron into plasma?
Ferroportion
Name the hormone that allows macrophages to recycle iron
Hepcidin
Define porphyria.
a disease of heme metabolism; primarily an abnormality in porphyrin
biosynthesis, leads to excessive accumulation and excretion of
porphyrins or precursors by biliary/ renal route
An increase in porphyria in urine will cause the urine to have what color?
wine red
Impaired porphyrin synthesis can lead to the deposition of iron inside
RBCs.What term describes these cells?
sideroblasts
Name the three embryonic hemoglobins formed in the yolk sac
Gower 1, Gower 2,Portland types
