TEST BANK FOR PRINCIPLES OF HUMAN
PHYSIOLOGY, 6TH EDITION (STANFIELD,
2016), ALL CHAPTERS
What are the two biggest nitrogen waste products? - ANSWER-Urea and
Creatinine
Where is Urea produced? - ANSWER-The liver produces urea when
protein is used as a fuel source
Where does Creatinine come from? - ANSWER-Creatinine comes from
the break down of creatine phosphate in the muscles
How much creatine phosphate breaks down per day? - ANSWER-1%
How are urea and creatinine excreted from the body? - ANSWER-
urination
What is high levels of nitrogen or urea in the bloodstream called? -
ANSWER-Uremia
What are the three parts of the kidney's? - ANSWER-renal pelvis, renal
medulla, renal cortex
What is the average urine production rate? - ANSWER-1 mL/min
What is B.U.N? - ANSWER-Blood Urea Nitrogen
What is the average amount of BUN in the body? - ANSWER-15 mg/dL
What is the average amount of creatinine in the body? - ANSWER-1
mg/dL
Three causes to post-renal failure? - ANSWER-1. Kidney stones
2. fetus during pregnancy
3. Men: Prostate hypertrophy
,How can kidney stones cause post- renal failure? - ANSWER-Kidney
stones come from the kidneys. They are a calcium build up. They can get
stuck in the ureter or urethra. This would then block the flow of
urine( creatinine + urea) out of the body. There would be a rise of BUN
and creatinine and this build up can cause renal failure.
How can a fetus in a pregnant woman cause post-renal failure? -
ANSWER-The fetus can actually block the ureter by being on top of it.
The fetus will then slow down the excretion of urea and creatinine thus
causing a rise in both and renal failure to happen.
How does prostate hypertrophy in men cause post-renal failure? -
ANSWER-The prostate in men become hypertrophy, which means that it
starts to become smaller and clamps down on the urethra. This makes it
so not as much urine can be excreted. With not as much urine being
excreted higher levels of urea and creatinine are present which can
cause issues. This is known as post renal uremia.
What is a symptom of prostate hypertrophy? - ANSWER-nocturnal
diuresis
What is nocturnal diuresis? - ANSWER-When men have to urinate more
often due to prostate hypertrophy because they cannot empty their
bladder enough
What can happen if urine cannot be excreted? - ANSWER-Urinary tract
infections can happen
How can urinary tract infections be treated? - ANSWER-They can be
treated surgically or through balloon catheters and drugs.
How can you treat a kidney stone? - ANSWER-Many people with kidney
stones are told to drink lots of water to flush the stone out and are given
narcotics. They can also be surgically removed.
How much blood flows into the kidneys and what is this called? -
ANSWER-1 liter of blood per minute flows into the kidneys and this is
called the renal blood flow.
, What brings blood into the kidneys? - ANSWER-The renal artery.
What brings blood from the kidneys back up to the heart? - ANSWER-
The renal vein attached to the inferior vena cava brings blood back to
the heart.
When blood enters the kidneys by the renal artery where does it go? -
ANSWER-It goes into the arcuate artery which is located between the
renal cortex and the renal medulla.
What can cause pre-renal failure in relation to stenosis? - ANSWER-
Damage to the renal arteries which can cause renal artery stenosis.
Renal artery stenosis is when plaque or clots can block the blood flow
into the kidneys, which can then cause a rise of BUN and creatinine in
the kidneys which can cause liver damage. This causes the renal blood
flow to become less than 1L/min.
What can cause pre-renal failure in relation to cancer? - ANSWER-
cancerous tumors can block blood flow and cause the renal blood flow
to be lowered.
What structures are located in the renal medulla? - ANSWER-Renal
pyramids are located in the renal medulla. There are about 5-6 per
kidney and they are located from the cortex to the pelvis.
Why is the cortex grainy? - ANSWER-The cortex is grainy because of all
the glomeruses in the cortex.
How many nephrons are in each kidney? - ANSWER-There are 1 million
nephrons in each kidney, so you have 2 million total.
How many nephrons can you live with? - ANSWER-400,000
What can destroy nephrons? - ANSWER-Aging, disease and diabetes can
all destroy nephrons, as well as bodily harm.
Can nephrons be regrown or built? - ANSWER-No they cannot, so when
the start to die off they only way to combat symptoms is either by a
kidney transplant or dialysis.
PHYSIOLOGY, 6TH EDITION (STANFIELD,
2016), ALL CHAPTERS
What are the two biggest nitrogen waste products? - ANSWER-Urea and
Creatinine
Where is Urea produced? - ANSWER-The liver produces urea when
protein is used as a fuel source
Where does Creatinine come from? - ANSWER-Creatinine comes from
the break down of creatine phosphate in the muscles
How much creatine phosphate breaks down per day? - ANSWER-1%
How are urea and creatinine excreted from the body? - ANSWER-
urination
What is high levels of nitrogen or urea in the bloodstream called? -
ANSWER-Uremia
What are the three parts of the kidney's? - ANSWER-renal pelvis, renal
medulla, renal cortex
What is the average urine production rate? - ANSWER-1 mL/min
What is B.U.N? - ANSWER-Blood Urea Nitrogen
What is the average amount of BUN in the body? - ANSWER-15 mg/dL
What is the average amount of creatinine in the body? - ANSWER-1
mg/dL
Three causes to post-renal failure? - ANSWER-1. Kidney stones
2. fetus during pregnancy
3. Men: Prostate hypertrophy
,How can kidney stones cause post- renal failure? - ANSWER-Kidney
stones come from the kidneys. They are a calcium build up. They can get
stuck in the ureter or urethra. This would then block the flow of
urine( creatinine + urea) out of the body. There would be a rise of BUN
and creatinine and this build up can cause renal failure.
How can a fetus in a pregnant woman cause post-renal failure? -
ANSWER-The fetus can actually block the ureter by being on top of it.
The fetus will then slow down the excretion of urea and creatinine thus
causing a rise in both and renal failure to happen.
How does prostate hypertrophy in men cause post-renal failure? -
ANSWER-The prostate in men become hypertrophy, which means that it
starts to become smaller and clamps down on the urethra. This makes it
so not as much urine can be excreted. With not as much urine being
excreted higher levels of urea and creatinine are present which can
cause issues. This is known as post renal uremia.
What is a symptom of prostate hypertrophy? - ANSWER-nocturnal
diuresis
What is nocturnal diuresis? - ANSWER-When men have to urinate more
often due to prostate hypertrophy because they cannot empty their
bladder enough
What can happen if urine cannot be excreted? - ANSWER-Urinary tract
infections can happen
How can urinary tract infections be treated? - ANSWER-They can be
treated surgically or through balloon catheters and drugs.
How can you treat a kidney stone? - ANSWER-Many people with kidney
stones are told to drink lots of water to flush the stone out and are given
narcotics. They can also be surgically removed.
How much blood flows into the kidneys and what is this called? -
ANSWER-1 liter of blood per minute flows into the kidneys and this is
called the renal blood flow.
, What brings blood into the kidneys? - ANSWER-The renal artery.
What brings blood from the kidneys back up to the heart? - ANSWER-
The renal vein attached to the inferior vena cava brings blood back to
the heart.
When blood enters the kidneys by the renal artery where does it go? -
ANSWER-It goes into the arcuate artery which is located between the
renal cortex and the renal medulla.
What can cause pre-renal failure in relation to stenosis? - ANSWER-
Damage to the renal arteries which can cause renal artery stenosis.
Renal artery stenosis is when plaque or clots can block the blood flow
into the kidneys, which can then cause a rise of BUN and creatinine in
the kidneys which can cause liver damage. This causes the renal blood
flow to become less than 1L/min.
What can cause pre-renal failure in relation to cancer? - ANSWER-
cancerous tumors can block blood flow and cause the renal blood flow
to be lowered.
What structures are located in the renal medulla? - ANSWER-Renal
pyramids are located in the renal medulla. There are about 5-6 per
kidney and they are located from the cortex to the pelvis.
Why is the cortex grainy? - ANSWER-The cortex is grainy because of all
the glomeruses in the cortex.
How many nephrons are in each kidney? - ANSWER-There are 1 million
nephrons in each kidney, so you have 2 million total.
How many nephrons can you live with? - ANSWER-400,000
What can destroy nephrons? - ANSWER-Aging, disease and diabetes can
all destroy nephrons, as well as bodily harm.
Can nephrons be regrown or built? - ANSWER-No they cannot, so when
the start to die off they only way to combat symptoms is either by a
kidney transplant or dialysis.
