Gender Development (HDFS 2300) Exam
3 Study Guide with correct answers
Rational-Emotive Dichotomy - correct answer ✔✔idea that emotion is irrational and thought processes
are rational; comes from Western philosophy of the 19th century
Display Rules - correct answer ✔✔overlearned habits about who can show what emotion to whom and
when they can show it
- Person can experience an emotion and show no overt manifestation of the emotion
- Explains variability of emotion from person to person and culture to culture
Direct Aggression - correct answer ✔✔physical acts like hitting, punching; insulting, name calling,
bullying
Indirect Agression - correct answer ✔✔gossip, emotional manipulation, ostracizing; destroying property
Relational/Social Aggression - correct answer ✔✔damages friendships, social status
Bonding - correct answer ✔✔variation on the idea of maternal instinct; depends on innate components
that are known to occur in early interaction between infant and caregiver
- Research fails to confirm its importance in newborns
- Not as valid as concept of attachment
The Covid Effect - correct answer ✔✔more women facing higher unemployment than men
Equal Pay Act of 1963 - correct answer ✔✔prevents any discrepancies in pay between people within the
same field within the same company, therefore making it illegal to pay a man more than a woman and
vice versa; not very effective due to loopholes
,Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 - correct answer ✔✔allows individuals who face pay discrimination to
seek rectification under federal anti-discrimination law
Paycheck Fairness Act (has been passed by House; stalled in Senate in 2021) - correct answer
✔✔Paycheck Fairness Act (has been passed by House; stalled in Senate in 2021)
Glass ceiling - correct answer ✔✔invisible barrier that prevents women and ethnic minorities from
advancing in organizations
Glass escalator - correct answer ✔✔easy ascent to higher positions; advantages men have in female-
dominated fields
Sticky floor - correct answer ✔✔low status occupations with little opportunity for advancement;
describes many occupations dominated by women
- Ethnic minority women
- Blue-collar occupations
Mommy track - correct answer ✔✔assumption that women with children will be less committed to
career and not achieve as much
Token - correct answer ✔✔minority individual who fulfills a quota; is more visible than other employees
and feels pressure to succeed and reflect well on everyone in minority group
Sex role spillover - correct answer ✔✔gender role characteristics that spill over into workplace; creates
stereotypes and sexualized atmosphere
Quid pro quo - correct answer ✔✔supervisors demand sexual favors as a condition of employment or
promotion; supervisor threatens or pressures a subordinate, a clear abuse of power; perceived as most
serious form of sexual harassment
Hostile environment - correct answer ✔✔psychological harm or reduced effectiveness can result from
unwanted sexual attention and/or offensive behavior; most common form of sexual harassment
, Gender harassment - correct answer ✔✔people subjected to offensive or hostile behavior because of
gender; doesn't have to involve sexuality; involves disparaging remarks directed toward a person
because of person's gender
Know the differences between the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests and what they found - correct
answer ✔✔Stanford-Binet (1916) - intelligence test that includes memory, attention, comprehension,
vocabulary, imagination
- No average differences between intelligence of women and men
- Most items classified as verbal (understanding and use of language)
Wechsler test (1949) - intelligence test that includes verbal skills such as information, vocabulary,
arithmetic, similarities, comprehension; and performance skills such as picture arrangement, block
design, picture completion, object assembly, digit symbols
- Women score higher on verbal subtests
- Men score higher on performance subtests
- Combined scores show no gender contrast
- Subtests and self-estimates conform to gender stereotypes
Know what the research shows about females and verbal performance - correct answer ✔✔Females
have an advantage
- School-age girls show advantage in reading and writing
- Only about 1% of difference between girls and boys is related to gender; 99% of difference is related to
other factors
Advantage in writing ability is large and persists throughout college
- Women write more quickly and fluently
Girls acquire language more rapidly and more proficiently than boys
Women do not talk more than men
- speaking behavior shows no significant difference by gender
3 Study Guide with correct answers
Rational-Emotive Dichotomy - correct answer ✔✔idea that emotion is irrational and thought processes
are rational; comes from Western philosophy of the 19th century
Display Rules - correct answer ✔✔overlearned habits about who can show what emotion to whom and
when they can show it
- Person can experience an emotion and show no overt manifestation of the emotion
- Explains variability of emotion from person to person and culture to culture
Direct Aggression - correct answer ✔✔physical acts like hitting, punching; insulting, name calling,
bullying
Indirect Agression - correct answer ✔✔gossip, emotional manipulation, ostracizing; destroying property
Relational/Social Aggression - correct answer ✔✔damages friendships, social status
Bonding - correct answer ✔✔variation on the idea of maternal instinct; depends on innate components
that are known to occur in early interaction between infant and caregiver
- Research fails to confirm its importance in newborns
- Not as valid as concept of attachment
The Covid Effect - correct answer ✔✔more women facing higher unemployment than men
Equal Pay Act of 1963 - correct answer ✔✔prevents any discrepancies in pay between people within the
same field within the same company, therefore making it illegal to pay a man more than a woman and
vice versa; not very effective due to loopholes
,Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 - correct answer ✔✔allows individuals who face pay discrimination to
seek rectification under federal anti-discrimination law
Paycheck Fairness Act (has been passed by House; stalled in Senate in 2021) - correct answer
✔✔Paycheck Fairness Act (has been passed by House; stalled in Senate in 2021)
Glass ceiling - correct answer ✔✔invisible barrier that prevents women and ethnic minorities from
advancing in organizations
Glass escalator - correct answer ✔✔easy ascent to higher positions; advantages men have in female-
dominated fields
Sticky floor - correct answer ✔✔low status occupations with little opportunity for advancement;
describes many occupations dominated by women
- Ethnic minority women
- Blue-collar occupations
Mommy track - correct answer ✔✔assumption that women with children will be less committed to
career and not achieve as much
Token - correct answer ✔✔minority individual who fulfills a quota; is more visible than other employees
and feels pressure to succeed and reflect well on everyone in minority group
Sex role spillover - correct answer ✔✔gender role characteristics that spill over into workplace; creates
stereotypes and sexualized atmosphere
Quid pro quo - correct answer ✔✔supervisors demand sexual favors as a condition of employment or
promotion; supervisor threatens or pressures a subordinate, a clear abuse of power; perceived as most
serious form of sexual harassment
Hostile environment - correct answer ✔✔psychological harm or reduced effectiveness can result from
unwanted sexual attention and/or offensive behavior; most common form of sexual harassment
, Gender harassment - correct answer ✔✔people subjected to offensive or hostile behavior because of
gender; doesn't have to involve sexuality; involves disparaging remarks directed toward a person
because of person's gender
Know the differences between the Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests and what they found - correct
answer ✔✔Stanford-Binet (1916) - intelligence test that includes memory, attention, comprehension,
vocabulary, imagination
- No average differences between intelligence of women and men
- Most items classified as verbal (understanding and use of language)
Wechsler test (1949) - intelligence test that includes verbal skills such as information, vocabulary,
arithmetic, similarities, comprehension; and performance skills such as picture arrangement, block
design, picture completion, object assembly, digit symbols
- Women score higher on verbal subtests
- Men score higher on performance subtests
- Combined scores show no gender contrast
- Subtests and self-estimates conform to gender stereotypes
Know what the research shows about females and verbal performance - correct answer ✔✔Females
have an advantage
- School-age girls show advantage in reading and writing
- Only about 1% of difference between girls and boys is related to gender; 99% of difference is related to
other factors
Advantage in writing ability is large and persists throughout college
- Women write more quickly and fluently
Girls acquire language more rapidly and more proficiently than boys
Women do not talk more than men
- speaking behavior shows no significant difference by gender
