Test Bank For Contemporary Nursing
Issues, Trends, & Management 9th
Edition By Barbara Cherry, Susan R.
Jacob | Chapter 1 – 28, Latest Edition|
What are Values -<<<ANSWER>>>Attitudes,
Ideals,
Beliefs, that an individual or a group holds and uses
to guide behavior.
Values indicate what the individual considers
important
morals -<<<ANSWER>>>established rules of
conduct to be used in situations when a decision
about right and wrong must be made.
Morals provide standards of behavior that guide the
actions of an individual or social group
,What is ethics -<<<ANSWER>>>term used to reflect
what actions an individual should take in particular
circumstances.
Bioethics (or biomedical ethics) is the application of
ethical theories and principles to moral problems in
health care.
Providing care in a professional setting requires the
nurse to recognize that professional ethics override
personal morals and values.
According to the American Nurses Association
(ANA), ethics for the nursing profession is set forth in
the Code of Ethics for Nurses.
Moral reflection can help one to develop
and maintain one's moral integrity through
critical analysis of one's own morals,
beliefs, and actions.
APPROACHES TO MORAL REASONING -
<<<ANSWER>>>Moral reasoning matures over the
course of a person's life.
Kohlberg and Gilligan are two important theorists of
moral development.
Kohlberg's approach -<<<ANSWER>>>(1) Pre-
conventional (individual's moral perspective is self-
centered, with wants or needs taking precedence
over right and wrong; no notice taken of societal
norms in moral decision making);
,(2) conventional (moral decisions conform to
expectations of one's family, group, or society—
"because it's the law"); and
(3) post-conventional (individual has developed the
ability to define her or his own moral values). Stages
are cumulative, each representing a higher level of
moral reasoning than the last
Gilligan's reasoning -<<<ANSWER>>>(1) orientation
to individual survival;
(2) a focus on goodness with recognition of self-
sacrifice; and
(3) the morality of caring and being responsible for
others, as well as self.
THEORIES OF ETHICS -<<<ANSWER>>>These
are conceptual descriptions of our understandings of
behaviors in terms of their moral implications.
No single theory fits all health care situations.
Patient Self-Determination -
<<<ANSWER>>>Advance directives are legal
documents that indicate the wishes of individuals in
regard to end-of-life issues.
, Critically ill individuals can remain in charge of their
end-of-life decisions if their advance directives are
carried out.
Enacted in 1991, the Patient Self-Determination Act
(PSDA) provides that any organization receiving
Medicare or Medicaid funds must inform patients of
state laws regarding directives, document the
existence of directives in the patient's medical
records, educate staff regarding directives, and
educate the community about directives.
Ethical Issues Related to Immigration and Migration
-<<<ANSWER>>>Communication and language
problems between the patient and caregiver can
interfere with safe, effective health care.
Medical interpretation is a specialty that demands
extensive knowledge of medical terminology, cultural
humility, and sensitivity to the patient's needs.
Family members should not be used, nor should
children, as interpreters.
The migration and immigration of nurses from poor
countries to richer ones poses an ethical problem
because the poorer countries are often in
significantly greater need of nursing professionals
than are the richer countries.
Dilemmas Created by Institutional and Social Issues
-<<<ANSWER>>>Institutional policy may prevent a
Issues, Trends, & Management 9th
Edition By Barbara Cherry, Susan R.
Jacob | Chapter 1 – 28, Latest Edition|
What are Values -<<<ANSWER>>>Attitudes,
Ideals,
Beliefs, that an individual or a group holds and uses
to guide behavior.
Values indicate what the individual considers
important
morals -<<<ANSWER>>>established rules of
conduct to be used in situations when a decision
about right and wrong must be made.
Morals provide standards of behavior that guide the
actions of an individual or social group
,What is ethics -<<<ANSWER>>>term used to reflect
what actions an individual should take in particular
circumstances.
Bioethics (or biomedical ethics) is the application of
ethical theories and principles to moral problems in
health care.
Providing care in a professional setting requires the
nurse to recognize that professional ethics override
personal morals and values.
According to the American Nurses Association
(ANA), ethics for the nursing profession is set forth in
the Code of Ethics for Nurses.
Moral reflection can help one to develop
and maintain one's moral integrity through
critical analysis of one's own morals,
beliefs, and actions.
APPROACHES TO MORAL REASONING -
<<<ANSWER>>>Moral reasoning matures over the
course of a person's life.
Kohlberg and Gilligan are two important theorists of
moral development.
Kohlberg's approach -<<<ANSWER>>>(1) Pre-
conventional (individual's moral perspective is self-
centered, with wants or needs taking precedence
over right and wrong; no notice taken of societal
norms in moral decision making);
,(2) conventional (moral decisions conform to
expectations of one's family, group, or society—
"because it's the law"); and
(3) post-conventional (individual has developed the
ability to define her or his own moral values). Stages
are cumulative, each representing a higher level of
moral reasoning than the last
Gilligan's reasoning -<<<ANSWER>>>(1) orientation
to individual survival;
(2) a focus on goodness with recognition of self-
sacrifice; and
(3) the morality of caring and being responsible for
others, as well as self.
THEORIES OF ETHICS -<<<ANSWER>>>These
are conceptual descriptions of our understandings of
behaviors in terms of their moral implications.
No single theory fits all health care situations.
Patient Self-Determination -
<<<ANSWER>>>Advance directives are legal
documents that indicate the wishes of individuals in
regard to end-of-life issues.
, Critically ill individuals can remain in charge of their
end-of-life decisions if their advance directives are
carried out.
Enacted in 1991, the Patient Self-Determination Act
(PSDA) provides that any organization receiving
Medicare or Medicaid funds must inform patients of
state laws regarding directives, document the
existence of directives in the patient's medical
records, educate staff regarding directives, and
educate the community about directives.
Ethical Issues Related to Immigration and Migration
-<<<ANSWER>>>Communication and language
problems between the patient and caregiver can
interfere with safe, effective health care.
Medical interpretation is a specialty that demands
extensive knowledge of medical terminology, cultural
humility, and sensitivity to the patient's needs.
Family members should not be used, nor should
children, as interpreters.
The migration and immigration of nurses from poor
countries to richer ones poses an ethical problem
because the poorer countries are often in
significantly greater need of nursing professionals
than are the richer countries.
Dilemmas Created by Institutional and Social Issues
-<<<ANSWER>>>Institutional policy may prevent a
