ALMS EXAM QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
🇺🇸 Perfusion - The transport of oxygen and nutrients to human tissues.
Hypoperfusion - ANSWER: sufficient tissue perfusion
Shock - ANSWER Systematic hypoperfusion is the insufficient transport of
oxygen and other nutrients to bodily tissues.
Adequate tissue perfusion depends on cardiac output.
Cardiac output is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute.
Stroke volume is the amount of blood discharged from the left ventricle with
each heartbeat.
Frank starling mechanism - ANSWER Attribute of heart muscle that causes it to
contract more strongly as it is stretched.
Preload - ANSWER The amount of blood supplied to the heart
ANSWER: Heart, brain, lungs, and kidneys.
When arteries and veins constrict, there is an increase in peripheral vascular
resistance, often known as afterload.
ANSWER: Excessive acidity in body fluids.
Hypovolemia is the loss of body fluids that leads to shock.
Hemorrhagic shock is a type of hypovolemic shock caused by blood loss.
, Epinephrine and norepinephrine are catecholamines, a type of hormone that the
adrenal gland secretes directly into the bloodstream.
Alpha receptors are primarily activated by norepinephrine, which produces
vasoconstriction.
ANSWER Epinephrine produces bronchodilation (beta-2 receptors) and
activation of heart activity (beta-1 receptors).
Compensated shock is the time of shock in which the body is able to adjust for
the effects of shock and maintain appropriate tissue perfusion.
Progressive shock is the stage of shock in which the body begins to lose its
ability to correct for shock and becomes unable to maintain adequate tissue
perfusion.
Irreversible shock is a situation in which cell tissue and organ damage cannot be
reversed and, in most cases, leads to death.
ANSWER: Obstructive shock includes cardiac tamponade, tension
pneumothorax, and pulmonary emboli
Disruptive shock include neurogenic, anaphylactic, and septic shock.
Hypovolemic shock - ANSWER: Shock caused by fluid loss: blood, plasma, or
bodily water.
ANSWER Tension pneumothorax: air or gas trapped in the pleural space with
no way of escape.
ANSWER Sharp, stabbing pain that worsens with coughing, sneezing, deep
breathing, or movement.
Cardiac Tamponade - ANSWER: The accumulation of extra fluid in the
pericardium
Paradoxical pulse - ANSWER Suppression of the pulse at the end of inspiration,
commonly known as pulse paradoxes
ANSWERS
🇺🇸 Perfusion - The transport of oxygen and nutrients to human tissues.
Hypoperfusion - ANSWER: sufficient tissue perfusion
Shock - ANSWER Systematic hypoperfusion is the insufficient transport of
oxygen and other nutrients to bodily tissues.
Adequate tissue perfusion depends on cardiac output.
Cardiac output is the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute.
Stroke volume is the amount of blood discharged from the left ventricle with
each heartbeat.
Frank starling mechanism - ANSWER Attribute of heart muscle that causes it to
contract more strongly as it is stretched.
Preload - ANSWER The amount of blood supplied to the heart
ANSWER: Heart, brain, lungs, and kidneys.
When arteries and veins constrict, there is an increase in peripheral vascular
resistance, often known as afterload.
ANSWER: Excessive acidity in body fluids.
Hypovolemia is the loss of body fluids that leads to shock.
Hemorrhagic shock is a type of hypovolemic shock caused by blood loss.
, Epinephrine and norepinephrine are catecholamines, a type of hormone that the
adrenal gland secretes directly into the bloodstream.
Alpha receptors are primarily activated by norepinephrine, which produces
vasoconstriction.
ANSWER Epinephrine produces bronchodilation (beta-2 receptors) and
activation of heart activity (beta-1 receptors).
Compensated shock is the time of shock in which the body is able to adjust for
the effects of shock and maintain appropriate tissue perfusion.
Progressive shock is the stage of shock in which the body begins to lose its
ability to correct for shock and becomes unable to maintain adequate tissue
perfusion.
Irreversible shock is a situation in which cell tissue and organ damage cannot be
reversed and, in most cases, leads to death.
ANSWER: Obstructive shock includes cardiac tamponade, tension
pneumothorax, and pulmonary emboli
Disruptive shock include neurogenic, anaphylactic, and septic shock.
Hypovolemic shock - ANSWER: Shock caused by fluid loss: blood, plasma, or
bodily water.
ANSWER Tension pneumothorax: air or gas trapped in the pleural space with
no way of escape.
ANSWER Sharp, stabbing pain that worsens with coughing, sneezing, deep
breathing, or movement.
Cardiac Tamponade - ANSWER: The accumulation of extra fluid in the
pericardium
Paradoxical pulse - ANSWER Suppression of the pulse at the end of inspiration,
commonly known as pulse paradoxes
