Developmental Biology Final Exam LATEST SOLUTION 2024 GUARANTEED GRADE A+

Gametes are formed within the gonads (testis and ovaries) and the tissue that directly creates the gametes is generically called: germ line Name two tissue types/organs formed by the endoderm digestive tube, respiratory tube Name two tissue types/organs formed by the ectoderm skin cells, CNS Name two tissue types/organs formed by the mesoderm Red blood cells, organs Exogenous agents that cause disruptions during development resulting in the formation of congenital defects teratogens The theory states that every cell of an organism contains all the genetic material required to form a new organism is called the theory of: genomic equivalence The early embryonic structure is called the blastula the blastula is made up of cells called blastomeres and the blastula contains a hollow space called the blastocoel A DNA sequence that controls the efficiency and rate of transcription from a specific promoter is called an enhancer region What type of histone modification that we discussed would most generally increase transcription? acetylation of histones What type of histone modification that we discussed would most generally decrease transcription? methylation of histones Following gastrulation three tissue layers are formed. What are they? The germ layers; ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm In mammals transcription rates from X chromosomes are normalized by chemical modification of the DNA. The specific cellular process the cell uses to normalize transcription from the X chromosome is called: x-chromosome inactivation The generic name for the process of normalizing transcription rates when dealing with unequal numbers of chromosomes is called dosage compensation In order to create a targeted mutation in the genome of a mouse through what cellular process/mechanism is a mutant gene inserted? homologous recombination During the process of experimental transplants. what embryonic structure did Hilde Mangold and Otto Mangold in the Spemann lab find to be the first tissue that is "fated"? dorsal lip "the organizer" Any nucleotide sequence (typically a functional gene unit of some kind) that is "transplanted" or incorporated (generally) artificially into a cell or organism transgene When considering transcription what is a repressor? A transcription factor that binds to the promoter blocking or decreasing transcription Stains used to label living cells without killing them are called vital dyes If cyclin B has recently been degraded describe what is happening to the cell's chromosome. If cyclin B has recently been degraded then the cell's chromosomes will move from metaphase into anaphase a mRNA that is present in the oocyte prior to fertilization but greatly influences development is called what, generally? maternal effect gene In zygotes containing large amounts of yolk wherein only a portion of the cytoplasm is cleaved (leading to non-equal cell division) this gives rise to two types of blastomeres micrometers and macromeres Structures through which critical molecules are transported from nurse cell to nurse cell and ultimately to the oocyte during drosophila oogenesis are called ring canals Upon fertilization an enzyme acts at the cell membrane where it finds its substrates. One of its products is essential for calcium release from the ER. What is the name of (i) the enzyme and (ii) what is the name of its product responsible for opening calcium channels in the ER? (i) PLC or phospholipase C (ii) IP3 A layer of cells surrounding the mammalian egg, which is mad cup of the innermost layer of ovarian follicle cells that were nurturing the egg at the time of its release from the ovary cumulus Calcium binding protein (not an enzyme) that changes shape when it is bound to calcium. This protein binding helps activate enzymes after fertilization calmodulin complex Cap-like organelle containing proteolytic enzymes that is positioned at the sperm head acrosome (acrosomal vesicle) An organism is considered _______ if it produces eggs that hatch outside the body oviparous An organism is considered _____ if it produces offspring that grow and develop inside the body viviparous Enzymes that attach chains of a small protein to other proteins. ubiquitin-ligases The modified proteins are general targeted for proteolytic destructing by an organelle called the: proteosome The set of physiological changes that take place in the mammalian oviduct by which sperm become capable of fertilizing an egg: capicitation The extracellular matrix secreted by the sea urchin or amphibian egg is called the vitelline envelope Upon fertilization _____ fuse with the plasma membrane leading to the hardening of the extracellular matrix creating the fertilization envelope which critically help prevent _______ cortical granules, polyspermy In amphibians the stabilization of _______ facilitates the formation of _______, the first set of cells that participate in gastrulation. These cells have a distinct shape due to the process called _________. b-catenin, bottle cells, apical constriction A unique feature of mammalian cleavage, mediated in part by the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. The cells in the early (eight cell) embryo change their adhesive properties and becomes tightly connected to each other. What event is this called? compaction What structure of the mammalian blastula (that we discussed) prevents ectopic pregnancy prior to its entry into the uterus? zona pellucida What is the term for the group of cells in the early blastula (prior to entering the uterus) that are responsible for generating the embryo proper?