Anatomy and Physiology 1 Exam
1/115 Questions and Answers
anatomy - -study of structure and form; derived from Greek word Anatome
which means to cut apart or dissect; Anatomists study structure and form of
organims studying the relationships among parts of the body and the
structure of individual organs
- physiology - -the study of function of the body parts; physiologists
examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances
as well as how their functions are altered with medication or disease
- branches of anatomy - -microscopic- structures that cannot be observed to
the unaided eye
(cytology- study of body cells and their internal structure;
histology- study of tissues)
gross anatomy- structures that can be observed to the unaided eye,;
macroscopic
(systemic anatomy- anatomy of each body system;
regional anatomy- examines all of the structures in a particular region of the
body as a complete unit)
- embryology - -discipline concerned with developmental changes occuring
from conception to birth
- comparative A&P - -examines similarities and differences of anatomy and
physiology of different species
- pathophysiology - -relationship between the functioning of an organ
system and disease or injury to that organ system
- basic qualities of life - -organization- each organism has a complex
structure and order
metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions to occur within a body;
anabolism (smaller molecules form larger) and catabolism (larger molecules
are broken down to smaller)
growth and development- each organism assimilates materials from its
environment and often grows and develops
responsiveness- ability to sense and react to stimuli
regulation- ability to adjust or direct internal bodily function in the face of
environmental changes- homeostasis- ability of an organism to maintain a
consistent internal environment
, - organization of the human body - -chemical level- consists of atoms,
molecules, macromolecules, and organelles
cell level- consists of cells, made up of structures and molecules from
chemical level
tissue level- made up of tissues which are made of cells
organ level- made up of organs made up of 2-3 tissue types that work
together for specific, complex functions
organ system level- organs that work together to coordinate activities and
acheive a common function
- anterior - -in front of
- posterior - -in back of
- dorsal - -on the backside of the human body
- ventral - -on the belly side of the human body
- superior - -closer to the head
- inferior - -closer to the feet
- deep - -on the inside
- superficial - -on the outside
- homeostasis - -refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent
internal environment or "steady state"; for example if the body gets hot due
to external temperature, the body maintains a steady state by circulating
more blood toward the surface to facilitate heat loss; nervous system
regulating blood pressure when you get out of bed in the morning
receptor- detects changes in variable; either substance or process stimulus
control center - interprets input from the receptor and initiates change
through the effector; parathyroid hormone monitors calcium levels
effector- structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus;
muscles in the lungs that bring air flow
- positive feedback - -set point-- what is normal
action occurs that reinforces the response; mother breast feeds baby:
suckling causes receptors to signal to hypothalamus to release oxytocin
causing breast tissue to produce milk
- negative feedback - -detecting a change and then initiating the opposite
response to return to the set point (if it's hot, bringing heat to the surface of
the skin so the body loses heat, if cold withdrawing blood to vessels, skeletal
muscles shiver, no sweat, withdraw foot when stepping on glass)
1/115 Questions and Answers
anatomy - -study of structure and form; derived from Greek word Anatome
which means to cut apart or dissect; Anatomists study structure and form of
organims studying the relationships among parts of the body and the
structure of individual organs
- physiology - -the study of function of the body parts; physiologists
examine how organs and body systems function under normal circumstances
as well as how their functions are altered with medication or disease
- branches of anatomy - -microscopic- structures that cannot be observed to
the unaided eye
(cytology- study of body cells and their internal structure;
histology- study of tissues)
gross anatomy- structures that can be observed to the unaided eye,;
macroscopic
(systemic anatomy- anatomy of each body system;
regional anatomy- examines all of the structures in a particular region of the
body as a complete unit)
- embryology - -discipline concerned with developmental changes occuring
from conception to birth
- comparative A&P - -examines similarities and differences of anatomy and
physiology of different species
- pathophysiology - -relationship between the functioning of an organ
system and disease or injury to that organ system
- basic qualities of life - -organization- each organism has a complex
structure and order
metabolism- the sum of all chemical reactions to occur within a body;
anabolism (smaller molecules form larger) and catabolism (larger molecules
are broken down to smaller)
growth and development- each organism assimilates materials from its
environment and often grows and develops
responsiveness- ability to sense and react to stimuli
regulation- ability to adjust or direct internal bodily function in the face of
environmental changes- homeostasis- ability of an organism to maintain a
consistent internal environment
, - organization of the human body - -chemical level- consists of atoms,
molecules, macromolecules, and organelles
cell level- consists of cells, made up of structures and molecules from
chemical level
tissue level- made up of tissues which are made of cells
organ level- made up of organs made up of 2-3 tissue types that work
together for specific, complex functions
organ system level- organs that work together to coordinate activities and
acheive a common function
- anterior - -in front of
- posterior - -in back of
- dorsal - -on the backside of the human body
- ventral - -on the belly side of the human body
- superior - -closer to the head
- inferior - -closer to the feet
- deep - -on the inside
- superficial - -on the outside
- homeostasis - -refers to the ability of an organism to maintain a consistent
internal environment or "steady state"; for example if the body gets hot due
to external temperature, the body maintains a steady state by circulating
more blood toward the surface to facilitate heat loss; nervous system
regulating blood pressure when you get out of bed in the morning
receptor- detects changes in variable; either substance or process stimulus
control center - interprets input from the receptor and initiates change
through the effector; parathyroid hormone monitors calcium levels
effector- structure that brings about the change to alter the stimulus;
muscles in the lungs that bring air flow
- positive feedback - -set point-- what is normal
action occurs that reinforces the response; mother breast feeds baby:
suckling causes receptors to signal to hypothalamus to release oxytocin
causing breast tissue to produce milk
- negative feedback - -detecting a change and then initiating the opposite
response to return to the set point (if it's hot, bringing heat to the surface of
the skin so the body loses heat, if cold withdrawing blood to vessels, skeletal
muscles shiver, no sweat, withdraw foot when stepping on glass)
