US HISTORY Period 4: Chapter 7: The Age of Jefferson, [131 - 143]

US HISTORY Period 4: Chapter 7: The Age of Jefferson, [131 - 143] US HISTORY Period 4: Chapter 7: The Age of Jefferson, [131 - 143] Period 4: Chapter 7: The Age of Jefferson, [131 - 143] Due Date: 10/18 TJeffs Presidency - First term: - Maintained national bank and debt-repayment plan of A.Ham - Carried on neutrality policies of Wash and Adams - Loyal to D-Rs principle of limited central gov - Reduced size of military, eliminated number of fed jobs, repealed excise taxes (like Whiskey), and lowered national debt - Named only Repubs into his cabinet to avoid internal divisions - Louisiana Purchase most important achievement - The Louisiana Purchase - Included port of New Orleans - 1800: French military and political leader Napoleon bonaparte secretly forced Spain to give Louisiana territory back to France - Hoped to restore French empire in Am - 1803: Napoleon lost interest in plan - He needed to concentrate French resources on fighting England - A rebellion led by toussaint l’Ouverture against French rule on the island of Santo Domingo had resulted in heavy French losses - U.S. Interest in the Mississippi River - Western frontier extended beyond Ohio and Kentucky into the Indiana Territory - Economic Part: - Settlers depended on transporting goods on rivers flowing w into the Mississippi and S as far as New Orleans - 1802: Spanish officials closed the North Orleans port to Ams - Revoked right of deposit from Pinckney's treaty (1795) - Settlers wanted government action over issue - TJeffs also concerned ab consequences on foreign policy - Feared that US risked entanglement in Euro affairs as long as foreign power controlled the river at New Orleans - Negotiations - Ministers sent to France to offer $10 million for New Orleans and strip of land from port eastward to FL - If negotiations didn’t work instructed to discuss w/ Brit for a US-Brit alliance - France needed money for war - Offered to sell New Orleans and entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million - Ministers accepted readily - Constitutional Predicament - Reluctantly used implied powers to provide constitutionality for purchasing foreign land - Submitted purchase to Senate and argued that lands could be added to US as part of the president’s power to make treaties→ ratified by Repub majority in senate - Consequences (good consequences) - Doubled size of US, removed Euro presence from nation’s borders, and extended western frontier beyond the Mississippi - Also strengthen TJeffs hopes that the country’s future would be based on an agrarian society of independent farmers (opposite of A.Ham of an urban and industrial society - Increased TJeffs popularity and showed the Federalists to be a weak, sectionalist (New England-based) party that only could complain ab D-R policies - Lewis and Clark Expedition - TJeffs persuaded congress to fund scientific exploration of the trans-MI west to be led by captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark (before LA purchase) - LP greatly increased importance of exploration - 1804: Lewis and Clark set out from St. Louis→ crossed rockies, reached Oregon coast on the Pacific, and turned back and completed journey by 1806 - Benefits: greater geographic and scientific knowledge of the region, stronger US claims to the Oregon territory, better relations with American Indians, and more accurate maps and land routes for fur trappers and future settlers - John Marshall and the Supreme Court - Feds only had control of federal courts - Feds appointments to the courts remained in office (b/c couldn’t be removed w/out impeachment) - John Marshall (federalist) - Cousin of TJeffs from Virginia - Appointed during final months of Adams’ presidency - 34 years as judge; exerted as strong an influence on the Supreme Court as Wash did w/ presidency - landmark cases strengthened the central gov as expense of states’ rights - Case of Marbury v. Madison (1803) - TJeffs wanted to block Federalist judges appointed and ordered Secr. of State James Madison not to deliver commissions to Federalists judges - Marbury sued for his commission - Marshall ruled that Marbury had a right to his commission according to the Judiciary Act passed by Congress in 1789 - Marshall also said that Judiciary Act had given the Court greater power than the Constitution allowed - Therefore law was unconstitutional and Marbury would not receive his commission - Marshall sacrificed the small Federalist gain (appointment of Marbury) for longer-term judicial victory - By ruling a law of Congress to be unconstitutional Marshall established the doctrine of judicial review - Now Supreme Court would exercise power to decide whether an act of Congress of the president was allowed by the Constitution - Could now overrule actions of other two branches of federal gov - Judicial Impeachments - TJeffs tried other methods for overturning past federalist appointments - Suspended Alien and Sedition Acts and released those jailed under them - TJeffs supported