NNP Board Exam Tidbits 2024-2025
asphyxia (management) - ANSWER fluid restriction; crystalloids over colloids (NS
versus blood or albumin)
crystalloids over colloids - ANSWER decreased morbidity (NS versus blood or albumin)
NS bolus - ANSWER management of cord accidents (velamentous insertion)
severe asphyxia - ANSWER preferential blood flow is diverted to the blood stem
APGAR - ANSWER appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
renal agenesis/lung hypoplasia - ANSWER oligohydramnios, Potter's facies, limb
deformities
apical pulse - ANSWER is audible at the 5th ICS early life due to right ventricular
dominance, slowly shifts to 4th ICS, midclavicular line
liver - ANSWER may be palpable 1-2 cm below the R sternal border; should be smooth
neck hyperextension - ANSWER floppy upper arm and lower extremities can be due to.
Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSS) - ANSWER Staphylococcus aureus
hyper metabolic state - ANS tachycardia, tachypnea, desaturation
Biophysical Profile (BPP) - ANS five variables assessed in the fetus to assist in assessing
,fetal risk: breathing movement, body movement, tone, amniotic fluid volume, and fetal
heart rate reactivity; most sensitive indicator of asphyxia
5-10% - ANS term weight loss expected
10-15% - ANS preterm weight loss expected
acrocyanosis-ANS normal within first 48 hours related to immature vascumotor tone
hard nodules/calcium deposits-ANS subcutaneous necrosis
Babinski reflex-ANS reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot
is touched; last reflex to disappear
Pull to sit-ANS normal for head to fall forward
cephalohematoma-ANS collection of blood between the periosteum and skull bone;
does not cross suture lines
caput succedaneum - ANSWER edematous swelling and ecchymosis of the presenting
part of the head caused by birth trauma (vaccum, etc); crosses sutures lines
maternal sickle cell - ANSWER chronic hypoxia in baby and IUGR is related to.
decreased pulmonary markings on CXR - ANSWER pulmonary atresia and other lesions
with obstructive blood flow to the lungs (HLHS, PS, Tetrology, Tricuspid Atresia)
PDA - ANSWER left to right shunt with white-out on CXR
right to left; left to right - ANSWER early in life, PDA is ________ until SVR increases and
,PVR decreases, after that point it is ________
asphyxia/hypoxia - ANSWER can cause TR
long P - ANSWER right ventricular enlargement
prolonged PR, peaked T waves and wide QRS - ANSWER hyperkalemia
prolonged QT - ANSWER hypocalcemia
SVT - ANSWER adenosine is the drug of choice
coarctation - ANSWER constriction, stenosis, particularly of the aorta; R radial pressure
is > UAC pressure
PPS - ANSWER heart murmur heard in axilla and back
S1 - ANSWER the first heart sound, heard when the atrioventricular (mitral and
tricuspid) valves close
S2 - ANSWER the second heart sound, heard when the semilunar (aortic and pulmonic)
valves close
systolic click - ANSWER abnormal systolic sound created by aortic valve stenosis
VSD-ANSWER may be asymptomatic early in life, as PVR drops and SVR increase the L
to R shunt increases and CHF develops
PDA murmur-ANSWER best auscultated in the LUSB
, acidemia-ANSWER most ominous ABG in infant with CHD
endocardial cushions-ANSWER neural crest ectoderm; involved in atrioventricular
separation
Tetrology of Fallot - ANSWER overriding aorta, VSD, right ventricular hypertrophy,
pulmonary stenosis(decreased pulmonary blood flow)
BPD - ANSWER causes signs and symptoms of right heart failure; right ventricle
pumping against increased resistance to lungs
cyanotic heart lesions - ANSWER Tetralogy of Fallot
Tricuspid Atresia
Transposition Great Vessels
Hypoplastic LH syndrome
Truncus Arteriosus
TAPVR
Pulmonary Atresia
Ebstein's Anomaly
All affect pulmonary blood flow
acyanotic heart lesions - ANSWER VSD
ASD
Endocardial cushion defects
PDA
Coarctation of aorta
All involve mixing of blood
endocardial cushion defect (AV canal) - ANSWER most common congenital heart
malformation seen with Trisomy 21
asphyxia (management) - ANSWER fluid restriction; crystalloids over colloids (NS
versus blood or albumin)
crystalloids over colloids - ANSWER decreased morbidity (NS versus blood or albumin)
NS bolus - ANSWER management of cord accidents (velamentous insertion)
severe asphyxia - ANSWER preferential blood flow is diverted to the blood stem
APGAR - ANSWER appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, respiration
renal agenesis/lung hypoplasia - ANSWER oligohydramnios, Potter's facies, limb
deformities
apical pulse - ANSWER is audible at the 5th ICS early life due to right ventricular
dominance, slowly shifts to 4th ICS, midclavicular line
liver - ANSWER may be palpable 1-2 cm below the R sternal border; should be smooth
neck hyperextension - ANSWER floppy upper arm and lower extremities can be due to.
Scalded Skin Syndrome (SSS) - ANSWER Staphylococcus aureus
hyper metabolic state - ANS tachycardia, tachypnea, desaturation
Biophysical Profile (BPP) - ANS five variables assessed in the fetus to assist in assessing
,fetal risk: breathing movement, body movement, tone, amniotic fluid volume, and fetal
heart rate reactivity; most sensitive indicator of asphyxia
5-10% - ANS term weight loss expected
10-15% - ANS preterm weight loss expected
acrocyanosis-ANS normal within first 48 hours related to immature vascumotor tone
hard nodules/calcium deposits-ANS subcutaneous necrosis
Babinski reflex-ANS reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot
is touched; last reflex to disappear
Pull to sit-ANS normal for head to fall forward
cephalohematoma-ANS collection of blood between the periosteum and skull bone;
does not cross suture lines
caput succedaneum - ANSWER edematous swelling and ecchymosis of the presenting
part of the head caused by birth trauma (vaccum, etc); crosses sutures lines
maternal sickle cell - ANSWER chronic hypoxia in baby and IUGR is related to.
decreased pulmonary markings on CXR - ANSWER pulmonary atresia and other lesions
with obstructive blood flow to the lungs (HLHS, PS, Tetrology, Tricuspid Atresia)
PDA - ANSWER left to right shunt with white-out on CXR
right to left; left to right - ANSWER early in life, PDA is ________ until SVR increases and
,PVR decreases, after that point it is ________
asphyxia/hypoxia - ANSWER can cause TR
long P - ANSWER right ventricular enlargement
prolonged PR, peaked T waves and wide QRS - ANSWER hyperkalemia
prolonged QT - ANSWER hypocalcemia
SVT - ANSWER adenosine is the drug of choice
coarctation - ANSWER constriction, stenosis, particularly of the aorta; R radial pressure
is > UAC pressure
PPS - ANSWER heart murmur heard in axilla and back
S1 - ANSWER the first heart sound, heard when the atrioventricular (mitral and
tricuspid) valves close
S2 - ANSWER the second heart sound, heard when the semilunar (aortic and pulmonic)
valves close
systolic click - ANSWER abnormal systolic sound created by aortic valve stenosis
VSD-ANSWER may be asymptomatic early in life, as PVR drops and SVR increase the L
to R shunt increases and CHF develops
PDA murmur-ANSWER best auscultated in the LUSB
, acidemia-ANSWER most ominous ABG in infant with CHD
endocardial cushions-ANSWER neural crest ectoderm; involved in atrioventricular
separation
Tetrology of Fallot - ANSWER overriding aorta, VSD, right ventricular hypertrophy,
pulmonary stenosis(decreased pulmonary blood flow)
BPD - ANSWER causes signs and symptoms of right heart failure; right ventricle
pumping against increased resistance to lungs
cyanotic heart lesions - ANSWER Tetralogy of Fallot
Tricuspid Atresia
Transposition Great Vessels
Hypoplastic LH syndrome
Truncus Arteriosus
TAPVR
Pulmonary Atresia
Ebstein's Anomaly
All affect pulmonary blood flow
acyanotic heart lesions - ANSWER VSD
ASD
Endocardial cushion defects
PDA
Coarctation of aorta
All involve mixing of blood
endocardial cushion defect (AV canal) - ANSWER most common congenital heart
malformation seen with Trisomy 21
