BIO 270 HYND EXAM 3 Questions with Answers (All Answers Correct)

Which of following is true regarding Co2 a. It can bind with hemoglobin b. it can be found dissolved in our blood c. 20x more soluble than O2 d. All of above - ️️d. All of above ______________ is the main determinant of # of Hb binding sites - ️️ What component of hemoglobin actually binds the oxygen? - ️️Fe+ Since the blood goes leaves the lungs with pO2 =100, what does this mean for its affinity? - ️️Almost fully saturated (around ~ 97%) What does the plateau portion of the O2-Hb curve tell you? - ️️Hb is almost fully saturated If there is a drop in O2, they will still be almost completely saturated until 60mmHg when the graph gets steep Methods of Gas Transport in the Blood: O2: 2 steps Dissolved-1.5% Bound to Hemoglobin-98.5% CO2: 3 steps Dissolved-10% Bound to Hemoglobin-30% As Bicarbonate- 60% - ️️KNOW NUMBERS _________________ ___________ catalyzes this reaction (H2CO3) in the RBC's - ️️Carbonic Anhydrase What law explains why soda goes flat? - ️️Henry's law Most of the atmosphere is made up of what gas? - ️️Nitrogen (79%) N=600mmHg O=160mmHgObstructive lung diseases (>/<) 80% - ️️<80% Difficult to exhale air quickly due to inc. airway resistance (T/F) The O2-Hb dissociation curve is static - ️️False, it is not static Steep between "20-60" Flat between "60-100 Restrictive lung diseases (>/<) 80% - ️️>80% Vital capacity is decreased, airflow doesn't change ... easy to get large % out in 1 second What does the P50 value represent? - ️️The amount O2 pressure where hemoglobin is 50% saturated You just got done exercising. How do you expect our curve to shift? - ️️To right to unload O2 Is the pressure for Co2 higher in our lungs or air? - ️️Co2 pressure is higher in lungs so we can breathe out co2 What are the functions of surfactant? - ️️Decrease hydrogen binding in water molecules Increase compliance Allows lungs to come back slowly (recoil is lungs coming back, when lungs are at low volume water attracts each other, makes it hard to inflate then, surfactant will reduce binding of water) Recoil depends on 2 factors: - ️️1) Highly elastic connective tissue in lungs 2) Alveolar surface tension (H mol. like to be close) Treatment of Asthma Albuterol: mimics sympathetic signal Anti-Cholinergics: block parasympathetic signals - ️️ Muscle activity during ACTIVE expiration - ️️Contraction of internal intercostals Contraction of abdominals -flattened ribs and sternum Muscle activity during inspiration - ️️Contraction of external intercostals Contraction of diaphragm Boyle's Law: - ️️pressure exerted by a gas is inversely proportional with the volume of the containerHow is surfactant made? - ️️secreted by type 2 alveolar cells What activates plasminogen to plasmin? - ️️TPA Type II alveolar cells do what? - ️️Produce surfactant Allows inflation and deflation *(Type 1, allows for gas exchange) 3 steps of Hemostasis - ️️1) Vascular spasm (vasoconstriction) 2) Formation of platlet plug - positive feedback 3) Blood coagulation Platelets - ️️Lack Nuclei Very low # compared to RBC Contain organelles and cytosolic enzymes for generating enzymes and synthesizing secretory products RBC's can function outside of the blood stream - ️️F; all white blood cells will leave the blood to destroy any possible pathogens If a patient is dehydrated, they will have a ______ hematocrit - ️️High (hematocrit: percent that is red blood cells. Fluid drops, RBC rises) Most of the blood cells that circulate in your body are? - ️️RBC's In our capillaries hydrostatic pressure ___________ and osmotic pressure______________? - ️️hydrostatic pressure decreases osmotic pressure stays same RBC's expell nucleus and organelles ... - ️️before entering blood!!! Erythroblast: - ️️immature RBC that still contains nucleus and organelles What stage of RBC formation do they expell nucleus and organelles? - ️️Reticulocyte What part of Hemoglobin is the "protein composed of 4 highly folded peptide chains" - ️️Globin portionHematocrit: - ️️% of RBC's Which plasma protein determines osmotic pressure? - ️️Albumin (also most abundant!) What function do Globulins of the blood plasma have? - ️️antibodies transport of lipids, copper, iron clotting factors Serum = (________________) - (_____________________) - ️️plasma - clotting factors The baroreceptor reflex is controlled by __________ receptors that _______. - ️️Mechanoreceptors; continuously monitors blood pressure Where are mechanoreceptors located? - ️️in the walls of the aortic arch and carotid sinus How are long term adjustments of blood pressure made? - ️️involve adjusting TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME by restoring salt and water balance What is the biggest influence regarding the driving pressure of blood flowing into tissues? - ️️Arterioles (largely determine MAP) __________ sounds are heard when determining pressure - ️️Korotkoff Blood pressure is measured with a - ️️spygmomanometer Korotkoff sounds are not the same sounds produced by valve closure, they are produced from .. - ️️turbulent flow What drives flow through arteries when the heart is relaxing? - ️️the elasticity; the pressure reservoir compresses, squeezing blood though Vessel A has a pressure gradient of 40mm Hg. Vessel B has a pressure gradient of 80 mm Hg. What is the blood flow? Assume resistance is equal - ️️Vessel B is 2x (radius is to the 4th power) WHat is the main driving force for flow through a vessel? - ️️contraction of the heart During systole how are the elastic fibers acting? - ️️To create high pressure, they distend (during diastole they recoil back)*Due to __________, pressure drops along a vessels length - ️️resistance Resistance is caused by ____________ - ️️friction Large % of blood is sent to what organs? - ️️Large % sent to organs that need to "recondition" blood (digestive, kidneys, skin) Blood pressure depends on... - ️️volume of blood contained in the vessel and compliance of vessel wall What would signal for active hyperemia? - ️️Decreased Oxygen Increased CO2 Increased Acid Decreased ATP