GEG 111 - Exam 2 Geography - Chapters 9-17

Which of the following is an exogenic process? Volcanism Weathering Earthquakes Flows of heat and materials in the mantle - Weathering Which of the following is an endogenic process? Weathering Glacial erosion Volcanism Stream deposition - Volcanism Uniformitarianism assumes that mountains, plains, and canyons formed by catastrophic events. catastrophic episodes have regularly occurred. Earth is quite young and is shaped by dramatic events. the same physical processes we see today are a key to understanding the processes that have been operating throughout geologic time. - the same physical processes we see today are a key to understanding the processes that have been operating throughout geologic time. Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the geologic time scale? Over 87 percent of Earth's history has elapsed during the more recent Cenozoic, Mesozoic, and Paleozoic eras. We live in the Tertiary period. The bulk of Earth's history has occurred during the Precambrian eon. The Jurassic period occurred during the Paleozoic era. - The bulk of Earth's history has occurred during the Precambrian eon. Which of the following is NOT a criteria to be classified as a mineral? Solid Specific chemical composition Inorganic Crystalline structure Anthropogenic - Anthropogenic Boundaries between intervals of the geological time scale are determined by Climatic periods based on paleoclimatological reconstructions. using a quantile method whereby the number of years in each subdivision is determined by dividing the number of years by the desired number of classes. dividing the time range of the interval by the number desired subdivisions, thereby creating equal intervals between the divisions. Major events in Earth's history, such as major extinctions. - Major events in Earth's history, such as major extinctions. An assemblage of minerals bound together is called a molecule. mineral. granitic compound. rock. - rock. An element or combination of elements that forms an inorganic, natural compound is called a tectonic rock. granitic compound. mineral. molecule. - mineral. The subfield of geography and geology concerned with the study of the origins, evolutions, form, and spatial distribution of Earth's landforms is geophysics. lithology. pedology. geomorphology. - geomorphology. Areas of crustal collision and subduction occur along areas of seafloor spreading. transform boundaries. divergent boundaries. convergent boundaries. - convergent boundaries. Areas of upwelling material from the mantle to form new seafloor occur along divergent boundaries. areas of seafloor spreading. convergent boundaries. transform boundaries. - divergent boundaries. Areas where plates slide past one another, usually ar right angles to a seafloor spreading are divergent boundaries. convergent boundaries. areas of seafloor spreading. transform boundaries. - transform boundaries. The three basic rock types are intrusive, extrusive, and plutonic. laterite, schist, and basalt. sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. conglomerates, clastics, and evaporative - sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Which of the following is NOT a process than can cause metamorphism? Solidification of magma Compression and shear Heating Pressure - Solidification of magma Metamorphism that occurs over broad areas when the pressure and associated heat of of overlaying rocks or other tectonic forces cause the rocks to undergo deformation is known as intrusive metamorphism. extrusive metamorphism. regional metamorphism. contact metamorphism. - regional metamorphism. Continental crust is basically ________, whereas oceanic crust is basically ________. granite; basalt thin; thick sima; sial basalt; granite - granite; basalt Sedimentary rocks are more a product of the ________ system whereas metamorphic and igneous rocks are more a product of the ________ system. exogenic; endogenic intrusive; extrusive tectonic; rock endogenic; exogenic - exogenic; endogenic Molten rock beneath Earth's surface is known as ________, whereas molten rock on Earth's surface is called ________. extrusive; intrusive magma; lava lava; magma intrusive; extrusive - magma; lava In 1912, the theory of continental drift was proposed by _______________________________. Albert Einstein Charles Darwin. James Hutton Alfred Wegener - Alfred Wegener ________ are sites of upwelling of magma from the mantle independent of plate boundaries. Hot spots Subduction zones Transform faults Mid-ocean ridges - Hot spots A large region identifiable by several topographic or geological traits is known as a physiographic province. ecoregion. topographic region. biome. - physiographic province. A topographic region that is characterized by local relief of less than 100 m (325 ft.) is considered a hill or low tableland. high tableland. plain. depression. - plain. Africa is dominated by which topographic region? Plains Hills and low tablelands High tablelands Mountains - Hills and low tablelands The nucleus of old crystalline rock in each of the principal continental masses is called a continental shield, or craton. mountain mass. composite zone. basalt mass. - continental shield, or craton. Vertical elevation differences in a local landscape are referred to as an order of relief. relief. crust. topography - relief. The average elevation of the depth of the oceans is 100 m (325 ft.). -2070 m (-6790 ft.). -3800 m (-12,470 ft.). 875 m (2870 ft.). - -3800 m (-12,470 ft.). Normal faults are associated with tensional forces. plate convergence. compressional forces. transcurrent forces. - tensional forces. When lateral shear causes horizontal movement along a fault plane, the resulting fault is called a lateral fault. strike-slip fault. normal fault. thrust fault. - strike-slip fault. The San Andreas system in California is an example of a strike-slip fault. transform fault. thrust fault. both a strike-slip and transform fault. - both a strike-slip and transform fault. Orogenesis refers to the beginning of extensive faulting. the formation of mountains without faulting, folding, or the capture of migrating terranes. a general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust. a general thinning of the crust. - a general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust. What type of convergent boundary associated with orogeny is illustrated here? Continental plate-continental plate collision Oceanic plate-oceanic plate collision Oceanic plate-continental plate collision - Oceanic plate-continental plate collision What type of convergent boundary associated with orogeny is illustrated here? Oceanic plate-oceanic plate collision Continental plate-continental plate collision Oceanic plate-continental plate collision - Continental plate-continental plate collision What type of convergent boundary associated with orogeny is illustrated here? Continental plate-continental plate collision Oceanic plate-continental plate collision Oceanic plate-oceanic plate collision - Oceanic plate-oceanic plate collision The magnitude of earthquakes is measured by the ________________ scale Beaufort Fujita moment magnitude volcanic - moment magnitude Volcanic activity located away from plate boundaries is associated with subduction and melting of plates along collision zones. hot spots. rift zones. All of these. - hot spots. The Zagros mountains of Iran is an example of a zone of shearing motions. a zone of tension. a zone of compression and folding. a series of faulted mountain blocks. - a zone of compression and folding. An earthquake is best described as The amount of ground displacement along a fault. The amount of stress rocks along plate boundaries experience. The point within Earth where seismic waves originate. the sharp release of energy in Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. - the sharp release of energy in Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. Within the United States, which area has the highest earthquake hazards? West Coast East Coast Gulf Coast Mid-continent. - West Coast A __________________ is a small, cone-shaped hill usually less than 450 m (1500 ft) formed from material that accumulates from moderately explosive volcanoes. crater. shield volcano. cinder cone. caldera. - cinder cone. Circular surface depressions usually found at or near the summit of a volcano are known as cinder cones. craters. calderas. domes. - craters. The science that specifically studies the origin, evolution, form, and spatial distribution of landforms is geography. geomorphology. botany - geomorphology. Which of the following is NOT exogenic in nature? Denudation Tectonic uplift Erosion Weathering - Tectonic uplift All processes that cause reduction and rearrangement of landforms are included in the term mass movement. erosion. weathering. denudation. - denudation. In most areas, the upper surface of bedrock is partially weathered to broken-up rock called parent rock. regolith. sediment. bedrock. - regolith. The process that breaks down rock at Earth's surface through disintegration of rocks into mineral particles or dissolving it into water is known as mass movement. weathering. erosion. landmass denudation. - weathering. Factors influencing the weathering process include the climate of an area. rock composition and structure the amount of vegetation in an area. rock composition and structure, climate, and vegetation. only the climate of an area and rock composition. - rock composition and structure, climate, and vegetation. Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of higher rainfall and temperatures. lower rainfall and temperatures. lower rainfall, but higher temperatures. higher rainfall, but lower temperatures. - higher rainfall and temperatures. Exfoliation and pressure-release jointing are examples of ________ weathering processes. chemical physical both biological and physical biological - physical These rounded granite outcrops are the result of which weathering process? Carbonation Spheroidal weathering Oxidation Hydration - Spheroidal weathering A niche in sandstone, such as that in Arizona's Canyon de Chelly, is indicative of which weathering process? Carbonation Frost wedging Salt-crystal growth Exfoliation - Salt-crystal growth Frost wedging is an example of ________ weathering processes. chemical both biological and chemical biological physical - physical Hydrolysis, hydration, oxidation, and carbonation are all examples of ________ weathering processes. physical chemical biological physical and biological - chemical Karst topography is formed primarily by mass wasting processes. oxidation and hydrolysis. exfoliation and hydration. carbonation and solution. - carbonation and solution. The weathering of limestone can create circular depressions known as uvalas. stalactites. sinkholes. caverns. - sinkholes. ________________________ grow downward from the roof of a limestone cave Stalagmites Sinkholes Tower karst Stalactities - Stalactities Cones and cockpit karst develop in wet tropical areas. arid regions. cold, midlatitude climates. polar regions. - wet tropical areas. The photograph is an example of a soil creep zone mudflow. flood talus slope. - talus slope. The photograph shows an example of which mass movement process? Soil creep Solifluction Landslide Mudflow - Landslide The bent trees, leaning utility posts, and fences in this diagram indicate which type of mass movement? rockfall. landslide. soil creep. debris avalanche. - soil creep. A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called a rockfall. a soil slide. soil creep. a debris avalanche. - soil creep. A drainage divide that separates drainage basins that empty into different bodies of water surrounding a continent are known as deltas. catchments. interfluves. continental divides. - continental divides. Drainage basins are ________ systems. open closed open in terms of energy, closed in terms of matter closed in terms of energy, open in terms of matter - open Of the world's largest rivers, which has the greatest discharge? Zaire (Congo) River Amazon River Missouri-Ohio-Mississippi river system Chang Chiang (Yangtze) of Asia - Amazon River Overland flow can concentrate in small grooves called ________, which can enlarge to form ________. striations; potholes striations; gullies potholes; striations gullies; rills rills; gullies - rills; gullies If you live in an area that was flooded by the 100-year flood last year, you can conclude that the next 100-year flood will occur in exactly 100 years. there is a 1% chance you could be flooded by the 100-year flood again this year. the next 100-year flood will occur in exactly 99 years. you do not have to worry about another flood of that size during your lifetime. - there is a 1% chance you could be flooded by the 100-year flood again this year. Stream transport involves all of the following EXCEPT saltation. traction. bed load. sheet flow. - sheet flow. The science of water and its global circulation, distribution, and properties is known as hydrology. lithology. climatology. geomorphology. - hydrology. ________ is the general term for unconsolidated clay, silt, sand, gravel, and mineral fragments deposited by running water. Aggradation Degradation Alluvium Deposition - Alluvium The sediment load that travels in solution is flow load. suspended load. dissolved load. bed load. - dissolved load. The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge. create a base flow. decrease runoff. increase lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge. - decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge. The ultimate base level is dependent on the geological substrate. a dam. a drainage divide. sea level. - sea level. This drainage pattern is associated with steep slopes. Dendritic Parallel Trellis Deranged - Parallel The treelike drainage pattern shown below from Yemen is known as _______________________. Deranged Trellis Parallel Dendritic - Dendritic The drainage pattern that flows of the Bazman volcano in Iran is known as ______________. An image of the Bazman volcano is shown below. Radial Trellis Annular Rectangular - Radial This drainage pattern is characteristic of dipping or folded topography. Annular Rectangular Trellis Radial - Trellis This landform results when water exists a constricted channel and loses velocity. Meander scar Delta Alluvial fan Alluvial terrace - Alluvial fan ________ streams have some groundwater input, but only flow for certain periods during a year. Ephemeral Perennial Intermittent Temporary - Intermittent ________ streams flow year-round, fed by snowmelt, rainfall, groundwater, or a combination thereof. Intermittent Permanent Perennial Ephemeral - Perennial The relatively flat ground, bounded by bluffs, on either side of the meandering river illustrated below is known as a __________________________. The flat ground is labeled "B". etchplain floodplain monadnock paleosurface - floodplain The feature labeled "A" below is _______________________. a river meander. a delta. a yazoo stream. an oxbow lake. - an oxbow lake. Within the deep cold zone, average temperature and salinity decrease with depth. increase with depth. remain fairly constant with depth. decrease within the mixing zone, but increase the thermocline. - remain fairly constant with depth. When the height of a wave exceeds its vertical stability, the wave is called a breaker. wave of transition. rip current. tidal wave. - breaker. Which of the following is CORRECT regarding mean sea level? It is at the same level along the entire North American coast. It has very little variability across all ocean basins and, therefore, is treated as an absolute value. It is calculated based on average tidal levels recorded hourly at a given site over a period of many years. A consistent value has yet to be determined due to all the variables involved in producing the tides. - It is calculated based on average tidal levels recorded hourly at a given site over a period of many years. The height of a tsunami grows as it approaches a coastline primarily because its energy level increases. its wavelength shortens. the height of the surf is added to the height of the tsunami. the height of a tsunami remains constant from the time of its origin. - its wavelength shortens. When the Sun and Moon are neither in conjunction or opposition, the ________ tide occurs and results in the ________ tidal range between low and high tides. spring; lowest neap; greatest spring; greatest neap; lowest - neap; lowest When the Sun and Moon are on the same side Earth or on opposite sides of earth, the ________ tide occurs and results in the ________ tidal range between low and high tides. spring; greatest neap; lowest neap; greatest spring; lowest - spring; greatest Particles of sand, gravels, and shells that move along the shore form beach drift. longshore current. breakers. translation effects. - beach drift. A wave-cut platform is the erosional remnant of a tombolo. spit. cliff. barrier island. - cliff. A major difference between a barrier island and a barrier spit is barrier spits are anthropogenic, modeled after natural barrier islands. one of regional terminology, a barrier island and a barrier spit are the same thing. a barrier spit is connected to the mainland, whereas a barrier island is not. a barrier spit is a depositional feature that connects the barrier island to the mainland. - a barrier spit is connected to the mainland, whereas a barrier island is not. A shallow saltwater body cut off from the ocean by a bay barrier is known as a barrier spit. lagoon. tombolo. baymouth bar. - lagoon. The destruction of a mangrove swamp might lead to the loss of aquatic species. the erosion of the coast. sediment accumulation on nearby reefs, and their consequent death. loss of species and coastal erosion there is no evidence of the loss of mangrove swamps - loss of species and coastal erosion These features block material from blocking harbor entrances. Breakwaters Groins Jetties Tombolos - Jetties These features create zones of still water near coastlines. Breakwaters Groins Jetties