GEG 111 Exam 4 Chapters 13 - 17

Within the deep cold zone, average temperature and salinity - remain fairly constant with depth. When the height of a wave exceeds its vertical stability, the wave is called a - breaker. Which of the following is CORRECT regarding mean sea level? - It is calculated based on average tidal levels recorded hourly at a given site over a period of many years. The height of a tsunami grows as it approaches a coastline primarily because - its wavelength shortens. When the Sun and Moon are neither in conjunction or opposition, the ________ tide occurs and results in the ________ tidal range between low and high tides. - neap; lowest When the Sun and Moon are on the same side Earth or on opposite sides of earth, the ________ tide occurs and results in the ________ tidal range between low and high tides. - spring; greatest Particles of sand, gravels, and shells that move along the shore form - beach drift. A wave-cut platform is the erosional remnant of a - cliff. A major difference between a barrier island and a barrier spit is - a barrier spit is connected to the mainland, whereas a barrier island is not. A shallow saltwater body cut off from the ocean by a bay barrier is known as a - lagoon. The destruction of a mangrove swamp might lead to - loss of species and coastal erosion These features block material from blocking harbor entrances. - Jetties These features create zones of still water near coastlines. - Breakwaters A coral is a type of ________ that secretes ________ to form a hard external skeleton. - polyp; calcium carbonate An atoll is approximately ________ in shape because it forms ________. - circular; around submerged volcanic islands When coral expel their own nutrient-supplying algae, a phenomena called ________ often follows. - bleaching The term eolian refers to - erosion, transportation, and deposition by wind. Desert pavement refers to - surfaces of concentrated pebbles and gravels. A depression created by deflation is known as a - blowout An extensive area of sand and sand dunes is known as a(n) - erg desert, or sand sea. Glacial ice is - formed from continual accumulation of snow that recrystallizes under its own weight into an ice mass over a period of many years. The zone where accumulation balances ablation is known as the - equilibrium line. The type of glacier that dominates Greenland and Antarctica is an - ice sheet. A general term for a mass of perennial ice, resting on land or floating in the sea attached to a landmass is - a glacier. A long, narrow glacially-eroded inlets in which the sea extends inland are known as - fjords. An extensive, continuous mass of ice occurring on a continental scale is known as a(n) - ice sheet. Vatnajökull is the largest and most voluminous Icelandic glacier. It is roughly circular in shape, overlays several volcanoes, and covers an area of approximately 8,100 km 2 (3,100 mi 2) with an average thickness of 400 m (1,300 ft). This glacier is an example of a(n) - ice cap. The Patagonia region of Chile and Argentina features a large, elongated glacier approximately 90 km (56 mi) wide and 360 km (224 mi) long. This is an example of a(n) - ice field An asymmetrical hill of exposed bedrock produced by plucking and abrasion is known as a(n) - roche moutonnée. A glacier confined in a bowl-shaped recess is known as a(n) - cirque glacier. The general term for all glacial deposits is - glacial drift. A class of landforms formed by the accumulation of glacial till are known as - moraines. A lake that fills a steep-sided depression that is left in ground moraine by a large block of stranded ice that melts is called a(n) - kettle. A long, narrow, sinuous ridge of stratified sand and gravel located in a till plain is known as a(n) - esker. A small hill, knob, or mound of sorted sand and gravel that forms on the surface of a glacier and is deposited after the glacier retreats is a(n) - kame. Elongated hills, often in the shape of a bowl of an inverted spoon, streamlined in the direction of glacial movement, are called - drumlins. During the Pleistocene pluvial lakes formed in the ________ United States as a result of ________. - western; extended periods of wet conditions The Great Salt Lake is a remnant of which pluvial lake? - Lake Bonneville The Great Lakes of North America were created by - ice sheets that enlarged and deepened stream valleys to form the basins of the future lakes. Frozen subsurface water in regions of permafrost is called - ground ice. The branch of soil science that deals with the origin, classification, distribution, and description of soils is known as edaphology geomorphology pedology geology - pedology Which of the following best describes soil? Soil is composed of solely mineral fragments less than 2 mm in size Soil lacks biological material Soil is a renewable resource Soil is a dynamic natural material composed of water, air, mineral fragments, and organic matter - Soil is a dynamic natural material composed of water, air, mineral fragments, and organic matter A roughly equal mix of sand, silt, and clay is called humus solum loam regolith - loam A soil that is 20% sand, 60% silt, and 20% clay is classified as silt loam sandy clay clay loam sandy clay loam - silt loam A vertical cross section of soil extending from the surface to the deepest extent of plant root activity or to the regolith and bedrock is known as a pedon soil horizon soil profile polypedon - soil profile The horizon identified as regolith is the ________ horizon A O E B C - C The horizon in which leached materials are accumulated is the ________ horizon A O E B C - B The horizon in which water moves fine particles downward in a process called eluviation is the ________ horizon A O E B C - E The horizon that is commonly called topsoil is the ________ horizon. A O E B C - A Between 1982 and 2007, soil erosion on U.S. cropland decreased by 21% increased by 13% increased by 25% decreased by 43% - decreased by 43% These grassland soils are some of Earth's most significant agricultural soils. Aridisols Mollisols Inceptisols Gelisols - Mollisols